This paper is to seek effective scheme of boiler efficiency optimization, it uses Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to optimize boiler efficiency based on the model of boiler combustion efficiency. First, an optimization model of boiler efficiency, which takes boiler efficiency function as optimization objective, is set up according to the heat loss of boiler combustion. Moreover, the operating parameters affecting boiler efficiency is determined. Then ABC algorithm is used to solve the optimal value of boiler efficiency. The result of the research shows that the optimization of boiler efficiency based on ABC algorithm can quickly obtain optimal parameters for running boiler, so that the optimal boiler efficiency can be got.