出版社：International Medical Journal Management and Indexing System
摘要：Chronic pain has various forms such as inflammatory pain, visceral pain, headache, disk-related pain, neuropathic pain, cancer pain. Although the biological basis of chronic pain is related to vulnerability, it continues with behavioral and psychological components. In the context of multimodal interventions, interventions other than systemic pharmacologic treatments for chronic pain are also present. Besides interventional approaches; there are several noninvasive options including cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, relaxation therapy, physical therapy, thermal applications, spinal cord stimulation and transcutaneous electrical stimulation. The neuroscientific approach to pain can only be achieved by combining physical and mental components of the pain with neuroscience
