摘要：The phrase "direct participation in hostilities" has a very exacting meaning in the realm of international humanitarian law (IHL), and refers generally to those activities normally undertaken by combatants. As a general rule, all those with combatant status are authorised to participate directly in hostilities and are immune from prosecution for their participation. Civilians, on the other hand, enjoy immunity against direct attack precisely because they refrain from any such direct participation in hostilities. As civilians, they remain protected from any direct targeting for so long as they refrain from participating in combative activities which would otherwise compromise their protected status.
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