摘要：General The 19th century saw the foundations being laid down for modern corporations : this was the century of the entrepreneur. The 20th century became the century of management : the phenomenal growth of management theories, management consultants and management teaching (and management gurus) all reflected this pre-occupation. As the focus swings to the legitimacy and the effectiveness of the wielding of power over corporate entities worldwide, the 21st century promises to be the century of governance. The trajectory outlined in the above quotation indicates a shift in focus : The nineteenth-century entrepreneur owned his business which, in comparison to the twentieth-century corporation, was smaller, and as it had fewer employees, the relationship between employer and employee was more personal. In the 20th century, the era of Fordism, economies of scale became the requirement for the enterprise to survive with numerous employees. Post Second World War Keynesian economic policy saw employees arranged in a hierarchy : unskilled labour at the bottom, a number of levels of supervisors, followed by managers. Management was divided into different levels : lower, middle and top management. This was a structure typical of hierarchies such as armies.
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