期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2017
卷号：114
期号：22
页码：5665-5670
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1701805114
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：Hamilton’s rule asserts that a trait is favored by natural selection if the benefit to others, B , multiplied by relatedness, R , exceeds the cost to self, C . Specifically, Hamilton’s rule states that the change in average trait value in a population is proportional to B R − C . This rule is commonly believed to be a natural law making important predictions in biology, and its influence has spread from evolutionary biology to other fields including the social sciences. Whereas many feel that Hamilton’s rule provides valuable intuition, there is disagreement even among experts as to how the quantities B , R , and C should be defined for a given system. Here, we investigate a widely endorsed formulation of Hamilton’s rule, which is said to be as general as natural selection itself. We show that, in this formulation, Hamilton’s rule does not make predictions and cannot be tested empirically. It turns out that the parameters B and C depend on the change in average trait value and therefore cannot predict that change. In this formulation, which has been called “exact and general” by its proponents, Hamilton’s rule can “predict” only the data that have already been given.
关键词：evolution ; cooperation ; kin selection ; sociobiology
