摘要：The Communist Movement in Turin Translator’s presentation The specific variations between Gramsci’s two Italian texts on the Turin movement are covered in Flavio Silvestrini’s Introduzione, but a few general points should here be noted. Considerable confusion has arisen over the nature of the two versions in which the essay appeared: The Communist Movement in Turin (published in the various languages – see the editorial, above – of the journal “Communist International”, November 1920) and The Turin Workers’ Councils Movement (“L’Ordine Nuovo”, 14 March 1921). Writers have often assumed or claimed that the two essays are one and the same; this comment also applies to an English version available on the Internet, which moreover omits about a quarter of Gramsci’s text. There are, however, differences between the two articles. It seems that the manuscript, the typed-up transcription (hand-corrected by Gramsci) and its carbon copy were all sent to Moscow, so the prefatory lines (reproduced here at the start of the article itself) to the later version explain that the article as there published is based on a retranslation from the German translation of the original. Some differences between the two versions are thus explained, while the others are dealt with by Flavio Silvestrini. Additionally, and perhaps as an aid to its translators in Moscow, some simplification is apparent in the “Communist International” version. This, for example, makes more use of the term “operai”, as noun or adjective, referring to industrial workers, as compared with “lavoratori” in the broader sense of “working people”, while the latter version makes a clearer distinction between the two. And while the latter version goes into detail on the Turin Cooperative Alliance (omitted from the English version on the Internet), this is dealt with more summarily for the international readership. For some terms in the present translation, the nearest equivalent in the British context has been used; thus “Trades Council” is used for “Camera del Lavoro”. For “Sindacati professionali” we have used “Trade Unions”, while “sindacati” without any qualification appears simply as “unions”; workers’ “delegati” elected in a factory are “stewards” or “shop stewards”. At the end of the manuscript written for the Comintern journal, Gramsci’s name was added by someone else in Cyrillic, followed by “Gramchi”, exactly as the name was printed at the end of the translation in number 14 of “L’Internationale Communiste”. When, years later, the essay had been forgotten by nearly everyone, at
关键词：Turin; Strikes; 1917; Factory Councils; Communist Movement
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