标题：Phosphorylation of serines 635 and 645 of human Rad17 is cell cycle regulated and is required for G1/S checkpoint activation in response to DNA damage
期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2001
卷号：98
期号：23
页码：13102-13107
DOI：10.1073/pnas.231364598
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：ATR [ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)- and Rad3-related] is a protein kinase required for both DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoint responses and the DNA replication checkpoint that prevents mitosis before the completion of DNA synthesis. Although ATM and ATR kinases share many substrates, the different phenotypes of ATM- and ATR-deficient mice indicate that these kinases are not functionally redundant. Here we demonstrate that ATR but not ATM phosphorylates the human Rad17 (hRad17) checkpoint protein on Ser635 and Ser645 in vitro. In undamaged synchronized human cells, these two sites were phosphorylated in late G1, S, and G2/M, but not in early-mid G1. Treatment of cells with genotoxic stress induced phosphorylation of hRad17 in cells in early-mid G1. Expression of kinase-inactive ATR resulted in reduced phosphorylation of these residues, but these same serine residues were phosphorylated in ionizing radiation (IR)-treated ATM-deficient human cell lines. IR-induced phosphorylation of hRad17 was also observed in ATM-deficient tissues, but induction of Ser645 was not optimal. Expression of a hRad17 mutant, with both serine residues changed to alanine, abolished IR-induced activation of the G1/S checkpoint in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest ATR and hRad17 are essential components of a DNA damage response pathway in mammalian cells.
