期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2004
卷号：101
期号：10
页码：3563-3568
DOI：10.1073/pnas.0400557101
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important human pathogen causing otitis media in children and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. Like most other bacterial infections, NTHi infections are also characterized by inflammation, which is mainly mediated by cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor {alpha} (TNF-{alpha}). Among a variety of transcription regulators, NF-{kappa}B has been shown to play a critical role in regulating the expression of large numbers of genes encoding inflammatory mediators. In review of the current studies on NF-{kappa}B regulation, most of them have focused on investigating how NF-{kappa}B is activated by a single inducer at a time. However, in bacteria-induced inflammation in vivo, multiple inducers including both exogenous and endogenous mediators are present simultaneously. A key issue that has yet to be addressed is whether the exogenous inducers such as NTHi and the endogenous factors such as TNF-{alpha} activate NF-{kappa}B in a synergistic manner. We show that NTHi and TNF-{alpha
