标题：Is poverty concentration expanding to the suburbs? Analyzing the intra-metropolitan poverty distribution and its change in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver
摘要：A spatial decentralization of the low - income population has been observed in many m a- jor U.S. metropolitan areas as well as in t heir Canadian counterparts. Few Canadian studies have explored whether this change is a trend that extends across the suburban space or if it is limited to specific areas o f the metropolitan region. The goal of this art i- cle is to verify if suburban poverty in Montreal, Toronto and Vanc ouver is a phenom e- non limited to older suburbs or if it is increasing in more recent suburban areas as well. By elaborating a typology of the metropolitan region , we examine if changes in poverty between 1986 and 2006 are associated with specific types of built environment. We then evaluate if this association is maintained when we introduce additional explanat o- ry factors related to gentrification and neighbourhood decline. We explore if the geo g- raphy of poverty in the main CMAs evolves in a similar pattern or if each CMA has its own particularities. Our results reveal that areas of risin g poverty are mostly located in post - war suburbs. These areas share some of the characteristics of inner - city poor neighbourhoods and differ in some ways from the typical mi ddle - and upper - class su b- urbs .
