摘要：Microorganisms are exposed to various stress factors such as heat, oxygen, acid, bile salts and osmotic stress in the environment. Microorganisms may survive and/or get adapted to the environmental conditions by the physiological adaptations when they come across to such stress factors. Stress response system varies according to the type of microorganisms, stress intensity applied to microorganisms and whether they can be adapted to this stress. The adaptation of microorganism to the negative conditions poses a problem for inactivation of saprophytes and foodborne pathogens. Considering food safety and shelf life of products, it is required not to ignore these characteristics of pathogens. As in probiotic microorganisms, when high vitality ratio is required and when it comes to eliminating pathogen microorganisms from the environment, focus should be on adaptation or tolerance development. In this review, the main stress factors such as heat, acid, osmotic and oxidative stresses on microorganisms, adaptation conditions of microorganisms under these stress conditions and mechanisms of adaptation are discussed in the light of the relevant literature.
关键词：Stress; adaptation; heat shock protein (HSP); cold shock protein (CSP); acid tolerance ; response (ATR); reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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