摘要：We investigate the evidence for geographical proximity of contract research organizations (CROs) in the United States. We examine whether CROs locate near each other for knowledge spillover motivation, or whether they avoid each other as a competition strategy. If they are not located near to each other, then they are not likely to cooperate, or source knowledge from each other. We use a spatial pattern approach and find that CROs are located spatially in the United States. CROs do not consistently access localized knowledge from other CROs, rather they avoid each other and establish in isolated locations to capture the entire market.
关键词：Contract Research Organizations;Pharmaceutical;R &D;Outsourcing
