期刊名称：International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
电子版ISSN：2146-4553
出版年度：2017
卷号：7
期号：5
页码：217-226
语种：English
出版社：EconJournals
摘要：Our article aims to establish a link between carbon dioxide emissions and its various reasons by employing a complex model comprising economic growth, industrial structure, tourist arrivals, foreign direct investment, energy use, trade, and agriculture globally. We have employed GMM models on a panel dataset comprising of 168 countries and 24 years to test our hypotheses. Results confirm the standard EKC hypotheses together with a positive role of nuclear energy and renewable energy production in reducing CO2 emissions, while energy from coal increased environmental pollution as expected. Regarding the role of agriculture, estimates showed that while agricultural development reduces, the impact of agricultural land productivity rather stimulates environmental pollution at global level. The extension of international tourism and trade can also enhance environmental degradation by rising CO2 in the atmosphere. Finally, we found that financial development reduced air pollution.
其他摘要：Our article aims to establish a link between carbon dioxide emissions and its various reasons by employing a complex model comprising economic growth, industrial structure, tourist arrivals, foreign direct investment, energy use, trade, and agriculture globally. We have employed GMM models on a panel dataset comprising of 168 countries and 24 years to test our hypotheses. Results confirm the standard EKC hypotheses together with a positive role of nuclear energy and renewable energy production in reducing CO2 emissions, while energy from coal increased environmental pollution as expected. Regarding the role of agriculture, estimates showed that while agricultural development reduces, the impact of agricultural land productivity rather stimulates environmental pollution at global level. The extension of international tourism and trade can also enhance environmental degradation by rising CO2 in the atmosphere. Finally, we found that financial development reduced air pollution. Keywords: CO2 emission, growth, tourism, energy, agriculture, trade JEL Classifications: Q54, Q56
