The article is aimed at the research of ecological and sanitary problems of Kazan province industrial development in the XIXth and early XXth centuries. The historical and ecological research approach applied in the work allows to come to a totally new level of studying Kazan province industrial development; it essentially expands existing ideas of the industrial development impact on the environment in the historical past. In the article there have been revealed and analyzed major features of emergence, development and solutions of sanitary ecological problems in Kazan province which arose due to the industrial development in the XIXth and early XXth centuries. The materials of the article can be used to draw up training courses on National and regional history, specialized courses on local history and historical and ecological subject.