摘要：The scientific and technological progress of the firstmodernity developed through the centralization of intelligence,power and risk control, which was concentratedin technical structures comprising technicians, specialist,decision makers. The relationship between scienceand society has progressively evolved establishing a netseparation between the experts who, through the use ofthe usual investigative methodologies, are able to reachan excellent level of analytical understanding of the issuesthat need resolving, and the public authorities. Inthis sense, the institutions are to be considered the clientthat ordered the investigations and also the usersof these results, which then are transformed into someform of operative function in policy making. In this way,a mechanism has been generated in which collectivewill is flanked by the desires of policy makers, which arereleased from democratic procedures but which in theirturn are legitimated due to the availability of a surplusof knowledge which determines the attribution of representativeability. In the words of Antonio Gramsci inthe Quaderni dal carcere: “The popular element ‘hears’but does not always understand or knows; the intellectualelement ‘knows’ but does not always understandand especially ‘hears’. If the relationship between intellectualsand population-nation, between directors andsubordinates, and between the governors and the governed– is based on a form of participation in whichsentiment-passion becomes understanding and thereforeknowledge (not mechanically but actively), onlythen can the relationship be considered representationwith an exchange of individual elements between thegoverned and governors, between the subordinates anddirectors. In other words, only shared life represents socialpower” [1].
