Anthropometrical measurements were made on four subject groups of college students, namely 178 male non-athletes, 168 male athletes (basketball, volleyball, handball, swimming, gymnastics, track and field, soccer, rugby and judo), 133 female non-athletes and 173 female athletes (basketball, volleyball, handball, swimming, gymnastics, track and field, softball, kendo, table tennis, skiing, modem rhythmic gymnastics, dance, kung fu, canoe, tennis and soft ball tennis). The results obtained on male subjects were as follows: The mean values of height and body weight for non-athletes were 170.2 cm and 59.7 Kg, respectively. The mean values of height and body weight for athletes except gymnasts and distance runners were greater than those for non-athletes. Athletes showed greater mean values of girth of chest than non-athletes. Athletes except basketball players, long distance runners and jumpers showed greater mean values of girth of upper arm than non-athletes. Athletes except long distance runners, jumpers and gymnasts showed greater mean values of girth of thigh than non-athletes. Athletes except judoka of heavy class showed smaller mean values of skinfold thickness than non-athletes and athletes showed smaller mean values of percentage of body fat, calculated by using the prediction formula from mean skinfold thickness, body surface area and body weight for standard young male Japanese than non-athletes. The results obtained on female subjects were as follows: The mean values of height and body weight for non-athletes were 156.5 cm and 51.5 Kg, respectively. Athletes except table tennis players, kung fu players and gymnasts showed greater mean values of height than non-athletes. Athletes except table tennis players and gymnasts showed greater mean values of body weight than non-athletes. The mean values of girth of upper arm for athletes except basketball players were greater than that for non-athletes. The mean values of girth of thigh for athletes were greater than that for non-athletes. Athletes except soft ball tennis players and swimmers showed smaller mean values of skinfold thickness than non-athletes. Athletes showed smaller mean value of percentage of body fat calculated by using prediction formula than non-athletes. In an attempt to compare the body composition and body shape among athletes of various kinds of sports and non-athletes, body weight and body fat content in standard measure, i.e., the ratio of difference between mean values of athlete groups and mean value of non-athletes to the standard deviations of mean value of non-athletes were plotted against height in standard measure. Physical characteristics of athletes could be expressed as the difference (R), in terms of absolute value, in the points representing the mean values of athletes and those of non-athletes and ratio of deviation (r) from normative line representing correlation of body weight or body fat content to height for non-athletes using family of iso-deviation line. Plotting R against r with family of lines of the same height was used to differenciate physical characteristics of athletes and to evaluate effect of physical training of various kinds on physical characteristics. Plotting of girth of upper arm and girth of thigh in standard measure against girth of chest in standard measure was used for the evaluation of the differences in body shape of athletes participating in various kinds of sports.