期刊名称：Social Sciences and Education Research Review
印刷版ISSN：2392-9863
电子版ISSN：2393-1264
出版年度：2017
卷号：4
期号：1
页码：6
出版社：Editura Sitech
摘要：Shadow education stands for those activities which are designed toimprove students’ academic learning in examinable subjects taught in a formalschool. This paper looks at the historical development of the term, and how ithas been defined differently by different researchers. The paper challengesdifferent definitions and conceptualizations about shadow education and try tostimulate further inquiry about it. It points out some flaws in those definitionsand why they need to be modified with the changing time and expandingboundaries of the field. Furthermore, it looks at different terms which arefrequently used interchangeably for shadow education and theirappropriateness. Using different elements of those definitions, the paper comesup with a definition and subcategories of shadow education which may reducesome of the confusions arising from existing definitions and parameters.
关键词：shadow education; private tutoring; definition; shadow;teaching; historical development
