Relationships between college students' perceptions of their family members and how they interact with one another.

Necessary, James R. ; Parish, Thomas S.

It is often said that "As the twig is bent, so grows the tree." But who bent the twig? Of course, children are like trees in that many factors serve to mold and shape their lives - family life, in particular. Parish and Nunn (1989) reported a significant relationship between college students' evaluations of their families and their ratings of themselves, their mothers, and their fathers. In other studies, family happiness (e.g., Parish, Dostal, & Parish, 1981) and family structures (e.g., Nunn & Parish, 1982) were likewise found to be significantly related to these same variables.

In another study by Parish (1988), college students' self-concepts were found to be significantly related to how "loving" their fathers were perceived to have been toward their wives, and vice versa. In addition, Parish and Necessary (in press) surveyed middle-school students and found that their self-concepts were related to fathers' perceived actions toward their mothers, though not their mothers' actions toward their husbands. They also reported that ratings of fathers generally varied with how loving they were toward their wives and how loving their wives were toward them. Ratings of mothers, however, varied only with how loving they were toward their husbands, but not vice versa.

These findings leave the impression that many familial relationships are associated with one another. The problem, though, is that an overall picture of these various interactions between family members is still basically unavailable. Therefore, the present study sought to examine the various correlations among all of the following variables: college students' self-concepts; evaluations of fathers; evaluations of mothers; rating regarding how respondent acts toward his/her father; rating regarding how respondent acts toward his/her mother; rating regarding how respondent's father acts toward wife; rating regarding how respondent's mother acts toward husband.

METHOD

In the present study, 128 college students enrolled at a large Midwestern university, voluntarily completed the following forms in a counterbalanced fashion.

Each respondent completed three forms of the Personal Attribute Inventory (PAI; Parish, Bryant, & Shirazi, 1976). The PAI consists of 100 alphabetically arranged adjectives (i.e., 50 positive and 50 negative), from which the respondent is instructed to select exactly 30 that best describe the individual in question. The score on each form is the number of negative adjectives checked. Forms 1, 2, and 3 sought to assess each respondent's ratings of himself/herself, his/her mother, and his/her father, respectively.

In addition, each respondent completed four forms of the Love/Hate Checklist (LHC; Parish, 1988). The LHC consists of 90 alphabetically arranged adverbs (i.e., 45 loving and 45 hateful), from which the respondent is instructed to select 25 that best describe how - - - - acts toward - - - -. Forms 1 and 2 sought to assess each respondent's ratings of how he/she acts toward his/her father and his/her mother, respectively. Forms 3 and 4 sought to assess each respondent's ratings of how his/her father acts toward his wife, and his/her mother acts toward her husband, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A series of Pearson product-moment correlations was computed between the scores of each of the above-mentioned scales.

Respondents' self-concepts were found to be significantly correlated with evaluations of their fathers (r = 0.28, p [less than] .001) and their mothers (r = 0.24, p [less than] .01) (as measured on the PAI), how they act toward their fathers (r = 0.30, p [less than] .001) and their mothers (r = 0.24, p [less than] .01), how their fathers act toward their wives (r = .15, p [less than] .05), but not with how their mothers act toward their husbands (r = 0.10, p [greater than] 0.05).

Fathers' PAI evaluations were found to correlate significantly with how lovingly they act toward their wives (r = 0.58, p [less than] .001), as well as with how lovingly their wives act toward them (r = 0.35, p [less than] .01). Further, fathers' PAI evaluations also varied significantly with how lovingly the respondents act toward them (i.e., their fathers) (r = 0.52, p [less than] .001), but not with how lovingly the respondents act toward their mothers (r = 0.06, p [greater than] .05), nor how their mothers were evaluated (r = 0.14, p [greater than] .05).

Mothers' PAI evaluations were also found to be related with how lovingly the respondents perceived their actions to be toward either their fathers (r = 0.27, p [less than] .001) or their mothers (r = 0.52, p [less than] .001), as well as how lovingly mothers were perceived to act toward their husbands (r = 0.22, p [less than] .01), but were not found to be related to how lovingly their husbands were perceived to act toward them (r = 0.08, p [greater than] .05).

Respondents' LHC ratings regarding how they act toward their fathers were also found to be significantly related to how the respondents act toward their mothers (r = 0.43, p [less than] .001), as well as how their fathers act toward their wives (r = 0.35, p [less than] .001), and how their mothers act toward their husbands (r = 0.30, p [less than] .001).

Respondents' LHC ratings regarding how they act toward their mothers were found to be significantly related to how their mothers act toward their husbands (r = 0.26, p [less than] .001), but not with how their fathers act toward their wives (r = -0.02, p [greater than] .05).

Respondents' LHC ratings regarding how their fathers act toward their wives were also found to be significantly related to how their mothers were perceived to act toward their husbands (r = 0.61, p [less than] .001).

Nearly all the ratings cited seem to provide strong support for the notion that what individuals become is likely to be associated with how members of the family are perceived to interact together, as well as how they are rated by each other. Such findings suggest that family members should be attentive to the messages they convey through their actions and attitudes, and seek to be as positive as possible if they wish to benefit all concerned.

REFERENCES

Nunn, G.D., & Parish, T.S. (1982, October). Personal and family adjustment in children as a result of family type. Phi Delta Kappan, p. 141.

Parish, T.S. (1988). The love/hate checklist: A preliminary report. Psychological Reports, 63, 67-70.

Parish, T.S., Bryant, W., & Shirazi, A.M. (1976). The Personal Attribute Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 715-720.

Parish, T.S., Dostal, J., & Parish, J.G. (1981). Evaluations of self and parents as a function of intactness of family and family happiness. Adolescence, 16, 203-210.

Parish, T.S., & Necessary, J.R. (in press). Parents' actions: Are they related to children's self-concepts? Adolescence.

Parish, T.S., & Nunn, G.D. (1989). The importance of the family in forming life values and personal values. Journal of Psychology, 122, 519-521.

James R. Necessary, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.

Reprint requests to Professor Thomas S. Parish, College of Education, 447 Bluemont Hall, 1100 Mid-Campus Drive, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5305.