摘要：Objectives. To determine the association between multiple drug use and nonfatal overdose among young people (younger than 30 years) who inject drugs. Methods. We completed a longitudinal study of 173 injection drug users younger than 30 years living in San Francisco, California, between April 2012 and February 2014. Results. The odds of nonfatal overdose increased significantly as heroin and benzodiazepine pill-taking days increased and when alcohol consumption exceeded 10 drinks per day compared with 0 drinks per day. Conclusions. Heroin, benzodiazepine, and alcohol use were independently associated with nonfatal overdose over time among young people who inject drugs. Efforts to address multiple central nervous system depressant use remain an important component of a comprehensive approach to overdose, particularly among young people. Deaths from drug overdose have been increasing for 2 decades, 1,2 and research indicates that prior nonfatal overdose is a strong predictor of future fatal overdose. 3 Correlates of overdose include young age, 3–5 non-White race/ethnicity, 6,7 female sex, 5,7,8 poverty, 9 homelessness, 4 reduced physiological tolerance 5 following incarceration, hospitalization and abstinence-based drug treatment, 4,8,10,11 frequency of use, and polysubstance use. 12 Years of potential life lost as a result of overdose are estimated at 18.3 in the United States, 13 making this an important topic for young people who inject drugs. However, overdose studies restricted to young people are rare and often cross-sectional. We used follow-up data collected over 1.9 years to consider the effect of factors previously identified with overdose on nonfatal overdose risk estimated in longitudinal analyses among young people who inject drugs living in San Francisco, California.
