摘要：We systematically reviewed evidence of disparities in tobacco marketing at tobacco retailers by sociodemographic neighborhood characteristics. We identified 43 relevant articles from 893 results of a systematic search in 10 databases updated May 28, 2014. We found 148 associations of marketing (price, placement, promotion, or product availability) with a neighborhood demographic of interest (socioeconomic disadvantage, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity). Neighborhoods with lower income have more tobacco marketing. There is more menthol marketing targeting urban neighborhoods and neighborhoods with more Black residents. Smokeless tobacco products are targeted more toward rural neighborhoods and neighborhoods with more White residents. Differences in store type partially explain these disparities. There are more inducements to start and continue smoking in lower-income neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with more Black residents. Retailer marketing may contribute to disparities in tobacco use. Clinicians should be aware of the pervasiveness of these environmental cues. Tobacco products and their marketing materials are ubiquitous in US retailers from pharmacies to corner stores. 1 A similar presence is found across the globe, except in countries that ban point-of-sale (POS) tobacco marketing (e.g., Australia, Canada, Thailand 2 ). In the United States, the POS has become the main communications channel for tobacco marketing 3,4 and is reported as a source of exposure to tobacco marketing by more than 75% of US youths. 5 Burgeoning evidence 6,7 suggests that marketing at the POS is associated with youths’ brand preference, 8 smoking initiation, 9 impulse purchases, 10,11 and compromised quit attempts. 12,13 The marketing of tobacco products is not uniform; it is clear from industry documents that the tobacco industry has calibrated its marketing to target specific demographic groups defined by race, 14 ethnicity, 15 income, 16 mental health status, 17 gender, 18,19 and sexual orientation. 20 Framed as an issue of social and environmental justice, 14 research has documented historical racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in the presence of tobacco billboards, 21–25 racial disparities in total tobacco marketing volume, 24 and targeting of menthol cigarettes to communities with more Black residents. 25,26 Targeted marketing of a consumer product that kills up to half 27 of its users when used as directed exacerbates inequities in morbidity and mortality. Smoking is estimated to be responsible for close to half of the difference in mortality between men in the lowest and highest socioeconomic groups. 28 However, evidence of marketing disparities is scattered across multiple disciplines and marketing outcomes, such as product availability, advertising quantity, presence of promotional discounts, and price. A synthesis of this literature would provide valuable information for intervention on tobacco marketing in the retail environment and inform etiological research on health disparities. To address this gap in the literature, we systematically reviewed observational studies that examined the presence and quantity of POS tobacco marketing to determine the extent to which marketing disparities exist by neighborhood demographic characteristic (i.e., socioeconomic disadvantage, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity).
