摘要：Objectives. We evaluated malodor and air pollutants near industrial hog operations as environmental stressors and negative mood triggers. Methods. We collected data from 101 nonsmoking adults in 16 neighborhoods within 1.5 miles of at least 1 industrial hog operation in eastern North Carolina. Participants rated malodor intensity, stress, and mood for 2 weeks while air pollutants were monitored. Results. Reported malodor was associated with stress and 4 mood states; odds ratios (ORs) for a 1-unit change on the 0-to-8 odor scale ranged from 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16, 1.50) to 1.81 (95% CI = 1.63, 2.00). ORs for stress and feeling nervous or anxious were 1.18 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.30) and 1.12 (95% CI = 1.03, 1.22), respectively, for a 1 ppb change in hydrogen sulfide and 1.06 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.11) and 1.10 (95% CI = 1.03, 1.17), respectively, for a 1 μg/m3 change in semivolatile particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10). Conclusions. Hog odor, hydrogen sulfide, and semivolatile PM10 are related to stress and negative mood in disproportionately low-income communities near industrial hog operations in eastern North Carolina. Malodor should be considered in studies of health impacts of environmental injustice. Odor, noise, heat, and crowding are environmental stressors 1 that may affect physical and mental health. Malodor is reported in neighborhoods near hazardous waste facilities, petroleum refineries, certain industrial facilities, and confined animal feeding operations; people in these areas may report sensations of irritation, respiratory problems and other physical health symptoms, interference with activities of daily living, and concerns about chronic diseases and property values. 1 – 37 Because polluting facilities are disproportionately located in low-income communities and communities of color, 38 , 39 malodor is an important aspect of environmental injustice that threatens physical, mental, and social well-being. 40 Several studies have evaluated relationships among malodor, negative mood, and reduced quality of life in neighbors of industrial hog operations. Schiffman et al. 26 found that a small sample of neighbors of industrial hog operations reported more tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion, and less vigor, compared with an unexposed rural sample. Bullers 4 found higher mean scores on a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in neighbors of industrial hog operations than in control participants (2.24 vs 1.84). Wing and Wolf 36 assessed effects on quality of life, determined by asking how often neighbors of hog operations could open windows or go outside during nice weather. By that metric, neighbors reported greatly reduced quality of life relative to other demographically comparable rural residents. The Community Health Effects of Industrial Hog Operations (CHEIHO) study was a collaborative community-based participatory research project conducted in the predominantly low-income African American communities of rural eastern North Carolina where industrial hog operations are disproportionately located. 35 The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal relationships among malodor, airborne emissions, stress, and negative mood. We hypothesized that malodor from industrial hog operations is an environmental stressor that may also negatively affect mood.
