The aim of this study was to examine whether the presence of untreated caries is different across occupational status among Japanese adults. This was a cross-sectional survey of 1,342 individuals (990 males and 352 females) aged 40–64 yr who underwent medical and dental checkups at a healthcare center in 2011. Oral examination was performed by a dentist and the presence of untreated caries was defined as having at least one untreated decayed tooth. Data regarding current occupational status were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire; the participants were classified into five groups: professionals and managers, clerical and related workers, service and salespersons, agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers, and homemakers and unemployed. Gender-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of occupational status for the presence of untreated caries were estimated using logistic regression. After adjusting for potential confounders, female professionals and managers (OR=3.51, 95% CI=1.04–11.87) and service and salespersons (OR=5.29, 95% CI=1.39–20.11) had greater risks of the presence of untreated caries than female homemakers and unemployed. However, this tendency was not observed among males. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in risk of the presence of untreated caries by occupational status among females.