Sedentary behaviour (SB) refers to any waking behaviour with a low energy expenditure (<1.5 metabolic equivalents of task; METs) while in a sitting or reclining posture. (1) SB is a distinct construct, associated with negative health outcomes and mortality independently from the health benefits of physical activity (PA). (2-4) Screen time (ST), including TV viewing, video game playing and leisure time computer use, is a common metric of SB; other behaviours include time spent sitting, reading or in passive transportation. Rather than being detrimental to health, some behaviours such as reading or other productive or mentally-active SBs have shown no association or positive associations with health outcomes. (5-7) Currently unknown is how much time Canadians spend engaging in different SB modalities, or how these behaviours differ by geographic region and sociodemographic and health characteristics.

Data from the 2007 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) showed that 29% of Canadian adults aged 20-75+ watched >15 hours/week (>2 hours/day) TV, and 29% spent >5 hours/week using a computer. (8) Socio-demographic correlates of TV and computer time were noted; however, associations with health characteristics and behaviours were not assessed. Further, total ST, non-screen SBs, and total SB time were not described. Also from the 2007 data, significant associations were reported among both TV viewing and computer use and obesity, but no association with reading time, corroborating that SB modality is relevant. (9) A recent systematic review described socio-demographic and health correlates of SB among adults, highlighting the specificity of behaviours and population-dependent differences. (10)

The 2011/2012 CCHS is the most recent cycle to include the SB module for all provinces and territories, permitting a comprehensive assessment of how these behaviours vary across Canada, and across specific characteristics of the Canadian population. Our objectives were to provide an updated characterization of SB among adults across Canada, a) including measures of total ST, reading time, and total SB time, in addition to TV/video viewing and computer use; and b) assessing a more comprehensive list of potential correlates spanning sociodemographic, health and health behaviour variables.

METHODS

Sample

The sample was from the CCHS 2011/2012 public use microdata file. In-depth methodology is published elsewhere. (11) Briefly, the CCHS is a cross-sectional survey conducted by Statistics Canada, collecting information on health status, health determinants and health system utilization for the Canadian population. Using computer-assisted interviews (in-person, telephone), the CCHS targets persons >12 years of age living in private dwellings in the 10 provinces and 3 territories, covering 98% of the population; individuals living on Indian Reserves or Crown Lands, institutional residents, full-time Canadian Forces members, and residents of certain remote regions are excluded. The combined 2011/2012 response rate was 68.4% at the Canadian population level: of 183,721 households selected, 144,000 responded (78% household-level response rate), and of 144,000 individuals (one per household) selected, 125,645 valid interviews were conducted (87% person-level response rate). Informed consent was obtained by Statistics Canada, in accordance with Canadian federal legislative requirements. The current analytic sample included 92,918 respondents (50% female) aged 20-75+ years with complete data for all study variables, representing >22 million Canadians.

Measures

Sedentary Behaviours

The questions used to determine time spent in each SB modality, and response categories available to participants, are listed in Table 1. TV/Video Viewing Time and Total Screen Time were dichotomized at [less than or equal to] 2 hours/day versus >2 hours/day as is common in the literature. (3) In the absence of consistent norms in the literature, Computer Time ([less than or equal to] 5 hours/week versus >5 hours/week), Video Game Playing Time (<1 hour/week versus [greater than or equal to] 1 hour/week), Reading Time ([less than or equal to] 5 hours/week versus >5 hours/week), and Total SB (<5 hours/day versus [greater than or equal to] 5 hours/day) were reduced to dichotomous variables based on their distribution across categories, striving for an approximately equal proportion of respondents above and below the cut-offs. For video game playing, as the vast majority of respondents outside of the youngest age group reported <2 hours/week, the only feasible option for meaningful comparisons was to dichotomize at <1 versus [greater than or equal to] 1 hour per week.

Socio-demographic, Health and Health Behaviour Correlates

Socio-demographic characteristics included Age; Marital status (married, common law, widowed/separated/divorced, single/never married); Education (<high school, high school graduate, some postsecondary, post-secondary graduate); Occupation (management/health/education/art/culture, business/finance/administration, sales/service, trades/transportation/equipment operating, primary industries/processing/manufacturing); Income (<$40K, $40-80K, [greater than or equal to] $80K); Province of residence; Immigrant status (non- immigrant, 0-9 years, [greater than or equal to] 10 years); and Race/Ethnicity (white, visible minority). Highest household education described respondents aged 20-24, while highest respondent education described those aged [greater than or equal to] 25. Occupational group was included only for respondents aged 25-54 (n = 34,195 unweighted).

BMI was calculated as weight (kg) per height ([m.sup.2]) from self-reported height and weight, and participant weight status was classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. (12) Perceived Weight Status was ascertained by asking respondents "Do you consider yourself: (overweight, underweight or just about right)?".

Physical Activity (PA) was assessed using an adaptation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. (13) Respondents were asked about their participation in 21 specified activities, plus up to 3 additional volunteered activities, indicating participation frequency in the past 3 months and average session duration. An estimate of average daily energy expended during leisure time PA is calculated, given in kilocalories per kilogram per day (KKD). The CCHS categorizes respondents as active (>3.0 KKD), moderately active (1.5-2.9 KKD) or inactive (<1.5 KKD), whereby 3.0 KKD reflects, on average, the equivalent of 60 minutes/day of moderate-intensity activity. (14)

Smoking Status was assessed by asking respondents "At the present time do you smoke cigarettes daily, occasionally or not at all?" and classified into daily, occasional or never smokers.

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: As an indicator of overall healthy nutrition, fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed via a series of food frequency questions. The CCHS pre-derives and categorizes total consumption as <5/day, 5-10/day, and >10/day.

Analysis

Descriptive statistics were tabulated and weighted prevalences calculated, estimating the proportion of Canadian adults reporting high levels of SBs, according to socio-demographic, health and health behaviour categories. Odds ratios (95% CIs) for high SB were determined using multivariable logistic regression, including in the models all significant correlates from the bivariate analysis. Analyses for occupational category were restricted to respondents aged 24-54 (n = 34,195);all other analyses included all respondents ages [greater than or equal to] 20 while excluding occupational category from the model.

Data were weighted to calculate Canadian population summary statistics. To produce more reasonable 95% CIs taking into account the unequal probabilities of selection, the provided weights were re-scaled to a mean weight of one (1) as per Statistics Canada guidelines, (11) using in the analysis a weight equal to the original weight divided by the mean of the original weights for the sampled units (n = 92,918; n = 34,195 for occupational categories) contributing to the analysis.

Analyses were completed using IBM SPSS Statistics v. 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Sample descriptive characteristics are shown in Table 2. Among Canadian adults, 61% of males and 45% of females were classified as overweight/obese by self-reported height and weight, and 1 in 4 adults was classified as "active". With respect to SB modalities (Figure 1), 44% of adults reported >5 hours/week leisure computer use, 31% reported >2 hours/day TV/video viewing, 18% reported [greater than or equal to] 1 hour/week video game playing, and 40% reported >5 hours/week reading. Males were significantly more likely than females to report high computer use and video game playing time, while females were more likely than males to report high reading time; no gender difference was present for TV viewing time. Over 60% of adults reported >2 hours/day total ST, and 28% reported [greater than or equal to] 5 hours/day total SB time.

Socio-demographic correlates of SB

In both bivariate and multivariate analyses (Tables 3 and 4), the strongest correlate associated with all SBs was age (Figure 1). For computer use, a clear diminishing trend by age was seen whereby 3.5 times more adults aged 20-24 used computers >5 hours/week compared to those aged 75+. Higher computer use was also associated with male gender, single/never married, higher education, management/health/education/art/culture occupations, higher income, and recent immigrant and visible minority statuses. Alberta and British Columbia residents had the highest provincial prevalence of higher computer use, and those residing in Quebec the lowest (note: sample age distribution was similar across provinces). Higher video game playing time was also substantially more common among younger adults, as well as among males, single/ never married or common law, business/finance/administration occupations, non-immigrants and Manitoba and Alberta residents.

By contrast, TV viewing >2 hours/day was most likely among older adults (e.g., ages 75+ had 5 times greater odds of reporting >2 hours/day vs. ages 20-24), and for single/never married or common law, less educated, non-white-collar occupation, lower income and non-immigrants. In bivariate analyses, females reported more TV viewing than males, whites more than visible minorities, and the highest TV time was among Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Territory residents and lowest among Alberta and British Columbia residents; however, these differences did not hold up in multivariate analysis. Higher reading time was also most likely among older adults (e.g., ages 75+ had 6 times greater odds of reporting >5 hours/week vs. ages 20-24), and for females, single/never married, higher educated, recent immigrants, and Prince Edward Island, Ontario, British Columbia and Territory residents, and least likely for blue-collar occupation and Quebec residents.

Health and health behaviour correlates of SB

BMI was most strongly associated with TV time. Compared to normal weight individuals, the odds of reporting >2 hours/day TV viewing were significantly lower in underweight individuals (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.96) and significantly higher in individuals with overweight (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.10-1.19) and obesity (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23-1.36). The odds of accumulating >1 hour/week of video game time were also higher among those with overweight (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15) and obesity (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.18-1.35), while the odds of accumulating >5 hours/week of reading were slightly lower among those with overweight (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.97), but not obesity (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92-1.02). Examining weight perceptions, individuals perceiving themselves as overweight were more likely to report higher levels of all behaviours, while those who perceived themselves as underweight were more likely to report higher levels of video game playing and TV viewing compared to those perceiving their weight as about right.

Compared to never-smokers, daily smokers were more likely to report higher SBs, with the exception of lower computer use in multivariate analysis. Adults consuming <5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables were most likely to report higher computer use, video game playing and TV viewing, while those consuming >10 servings/day were most likely to report higher reading time. More active adults were more likely to report higher reading time, while inactive adults were most likely to report higher TV time. Total SB time was highest among inactive adults.

DISCUSSION

We comprehensively examined self-reported SB in a large representative population sample of Canadian adults, including a broad list of socio-demographic, health and health behaviour correlates. About 44% of Canadians report >5 hours/week computer use, over 30% report >2 hours/day TV viewing, and almost 30% report [greater than or equal to] 5 hours/day of total SB time. However, 40% of Canadians report >5 hours/week of reading time, a SB modality inversely associated with overweight in the current study. These findings highlight the importance of measuring a range of SB modalities, in addition to total SB time. (15)

Our findings suggest that computer use has increased substantially relative to the 2007 CCHS survey, when only 29% of Canadian adults reported >5 hours/week computer use, compared to 44% five years later. (8) In contrast, TV time has remained relatively stable. (8) Comparison to a second study using the 2007 CCHS data, (9) though based on a different age range, suggests that increases in computer time are similar for men and women, a steady 6%-7% gap persisting of more men than women reporting high computer use. Only the latter study reported on reading time, whereby 29% of men and 38% of women reported >5 hours/week reading; however, comparison to the current results (33% M, 46% F) is difficult, as the earlier study was restricted to ages 20-64, while our study includes older adults with twice the prevalence of high reading time compared to younger adults.

Our results for total SB time appear lower than those using objective accelerometer data which suggest that Canadian adults average >9 hours/day (70% of waking hours) sedentary. (16) In addition to inherent biases of social desirability and recall, the CCHS does not focus on sitting per se, but on common behaviours done while sitting. Self-reported behaviours provide context regarding modality (TV, computer, reading, etc.) that accelerometer-based SB time measures cannot provide. (15) This is important, given our findings that the association with both sociodemographic correlates and health outcomes varies according to modality.

SB and socio-demographic characteristics

In the earlier, less comprehensive analysis using the 2007 CCHS data, (8) the likelihood of being a frequent TV viewer increased with age, never married, lower education, lower income, and unemployed status. The likelihood of frequent computer use was associated with male gender, younger age, never married, and higher education, but not with household income, immigrant status or employment status. Our update uses more recent data, explores additional SBs in addition to TV and computer time, and identifies additional correlates not previously identified in the Canadian context.

SBs in this analysis were independently associated with numerous socio-demographic characteristics, most strongly age, but also gender, marital status, education, income, occupation category, immigrant status, race/ethnicity and province of residence. Correlates of high TV time identified in previous literature include male gender, (17) employment status, (18-20) lower education, (18-21) and living in regional areas or outside of capital cities (18,20) or in low walkability neighbourhoods.19 Male gender, (17,22) and age and single marital status (22) have previously been strongly associated with computer time, similar to current results. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to investigate socio-demographic correlates of reading time in adults, showing that age, gender, education, occupation type, income, immigrant status and race/ethnicity are not necessarily associated in the same manner or direction as with computer or TV time.

SB and health and health behaviour outcomes

In the current study, weight status was positively associated with both TV viewing and video game playing time. Previously, the 2007 CCHS data showed that obesity prevalence was substantially lower in those who watched TV [greater than or equal to] 5 hours/week compared to those who watched >21 hours/week. (9) Elsewhere, TV viewing has frequently been strongly associated with body fatness, weight status and odds of developing obesity over time, independent of (5.6,17,20,23- 26) association between video game playing time and BMI had also been reported. (27) In limited prior research evaluating computer time, some studies corroborate current results showing no relationship with weight status, (5,6,9) while others report a positive association. (17,28) Evidence for reading time is even more limited, but similar to our findings has consistently shown that higher reading time is not associated with increased risk of overweight or obesity. (5,6,9)

In our study, smokers were more likely to report higher TV viewing, video game playing and reading time. Prior research corroborates these results for TV viewing, (17,24) while likewise also showing no association with computer time. (17) Overall sitting time has also previously been associated with smoking, (21) though we found no association for total SB time in our study.

Our results show all screen-based behaviours to be inversely associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, while higher reading time was positively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption (perhaps explaining no association with total SB). Past literature has focused primarily on TV time or total ST, demonstrating clear evidence for an association between TV time and unhealthful dietary patterns, including lower fruit and vegetable consumption. (9,24,29,30) A recent study using objectively measured total SB found no association with fruit and vegetable intake or overall diet quality, (31) suggesting the importance of specific SB modality when examining links to health-related dietary elements.

Finally, current results indicate TV time is most strongly inversely associated with physical activity level, while PA was positively associated with higher reading time. Past research has also shown that passive TV and sitting time were associated with lower moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), (5,9,19,20) while mentally active computer use and reading were associated with lower odds of low MVPA. (5) A recent systematic review concluded that all SB modalities were moderately to weakly inversely associated with lower PA levels, with some evidence that SB displaces light intensity PA; however, TV viewing and total SB time were most commonly studied, with total sitting time, ST and occupational SB represented to a lesser degree (and reading time in our study positively associated with PA--not mentioned). (32)

Overall, these results highlight the fact that SB modalities differ both in their demographic correlates, as well as their associations with health behaviours and health outcomes. Reading was generally associated with positive health behaviours and outcomes, while the opposite was true for screen-based SBs. In the future, both practitioners and public health interventions should clearly distinguish between beneficial and deleterious SBs.

Strengths and limitations

Using a very large nationally representative population sample, this analysis gives the first comprehensive profile of SB among Canadian adults, including a broad range of socio-demographic, health and health behaviour correlates. The cross-sectional data limit causal inference between SB measures and the correlates examined, and reverse or bi-directional relationships may exist. Further, the reliance on self-reported data may lead to underestimates of SB and body weight, and overestimates of PA, height and fruit/vegetable consumption due to social desirability and recall biases. Future research should explore trends over time in the evolving nature of sedentary behaviours.

CONCLUSION

Over 30% of Canadian adults report >2 hours/day TV viewing, 44% report >5 hours/week computer use, and 40% report >5 hours/week reading time; less than 20% report >1 hour/week video game playing. Computer use has increased substantially compared to previously published results using same-survey data just 5 years older, while TV time and reading time have remained more stable. In general, socio-demographic, health and health behaviour correlates differ across SB modalities, though the strongest correlate across all SBs was age; others include gender, marital status, education, occupation type, income and immigrant status, as well as BMI, weight perceptions, smoking, diet and PA. Public health interventions targeting SB should be tailored both to the specific modality targeted and to the needs of the specific population segment of interest.

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(32.) Mansoubi M, Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Clemes S. The relationship between sedentary behaviour and physical activity in adults: A systematic review. Prev Med 2014;69:28-35. PMID: 25193005. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.028.

Received: March 11, 2016

Accepted: July 12, 2016

Katya M. Herman, PhD, [1] Travis J. Saunders, PhD [2]

Author Affiliations

[1.] Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK

[2.] Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE

Correspondence: Katya M. Herman, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Tel: 306-337- 3187, E-mail: Katya.Herman@uregina.ca

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

Table 1. Questions used to determine time spent in each SB
modality, and response categories available to participants,
Canadian Community Health Survey 2011-2012

Sedentary         Question                         Response categories
behaviour

TV/video          "In a typical week in the past   0-1, 1-2, 3-5, 6-10,
viewing time      3 months, how much time did      11-14, 15-20, 22-25,
                  you usually spend watching       26-30, >30
                  television or videos?"           hours/week

Computer time     "In a typical week in the past   0-1, 1-2, 3-5, 6-10,
                  3 months, how much time did      11-14, 15-20, >20
                  you usually spend on a           hours/week
                  computer, including playing
                  computer games and using the
                  Internet? (not including time
                  spent at work or at school)?"

Video game        "In a typical week in the past   0-1, 1-2, 3-5, 6-10,
playing time      3 months, how much time did      11-14, 15-20, >20
                  you usually spend playing        hours/week
                  video games, such as XBOX,
                  Nintendo and Playstation?"

Reading time      "In a typical week in the past   0-1, 1-2, 3-5, 6-10,
                  3 months, how much time did      11-14, 15-20, >20
                  you usually spend reading, not   hours/week
                  counting at work or at school?
                  Include books, magazines,
                  newspapers, homework."

Total screen      Pre-calculated and categorized   <5, 5-9, 10-14,
time              in the CCHS as the sum of all    15-19, 20-24, 25-29,
                  of TV/Video, Computer, and       30-34, 35-39, 40-44,
                  Video Game time.                 >45 hours/week

Total sedentary   Pre-calculated and categorized   <5, 5-9, 10-14,
behaviour         in the CCHS as the sum of all    15-19, 20-24, 25-29,
                  of TV/Video, Computer, Video     30-34, 35-39, 40-44,
                  Game and Reading time.           >45 hours/week

Table 2. Descriptive characteristics of the study sample,
weighted to be representative of the Canadian
population aged 20-75+

Characteristic                              Total      Males   Females
                                          population    (%)      (%)
                                             (%)
Age (years)
  20-24                                         8.5     8.6       8.4
  25-34                                        17.9    18.9      16.9
  35-44                                        18.6    18.9      18.2
  45-54                                        20.1    20.2      20.0
  55-64                                        18.0    18.1      18.0
  65-74                                        10.6    10.0      11.3
  75+                                           6.3     5.4       7.3
Marital status
  Married                                      53.1    55.0      51.2
  Common law                                   12.3    13.0      11.6
  Widowed/separated/divorced                   13.3     8.8      17.8
  Single/never married                         21.3    23.2      19.4
Education *
  <Secondary                                   12.2    12.2      12.3
  Secondary graduate                           15.7    15.4      16.0
  Some post-secondary                           5.0     5.0       4.9
  Post-secondary graduate                      67.1    67.4      66.8
Occupation (age 25-54 only) ([dagger])
  Management/health/education/                 39.9    35.6      45.0
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration              18.9    11.9      27.1
  Sales/service                                19.0    16.3      22.2
  Trades/transport/equipment                   15.4    26.7       2.1
    operation
  Primary industry/processing/                  6.8     9.5       3.5
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                        24.6    20.4      28.7
  $40-80K                                      33.8    34.2      33.4
  [greater than or equal to] $80K              41.6    45.3      37.9
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                     1.5     1.5       1.6
  Prince Edward Island                          0.4     0.4       0.4
  Nova Scotia                                   2.9     2.8       3.0
  New Brunswick                                 2.3     2.2       2.3
  Quebec                                       23.8    23.7      23.9
  Ontario                                      38.4    38.2      38.5
  Manitoba                                      3.3     3.3       3.3
  Saskatchewan                                  2.8     2.8       2.7
  Alberta                                      10.8    11.2      10.4
  British Columbia                             13.6    13.6      13.5
  Territories                                   0.3     0.3       0.3
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                75.9    75.6      76.2
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)                  6.3     6.5       6.1
  Established immigrant (>10 years)            17.8    17.9      17.7
Race/ethnicity
  White                                        79.2    78.9      79.4
  Visible minority                             20.8    21.1      20.6
BMI
  Underweight                                   2.3     1.0       3.6
  Normal weight                                44.4    37.9      51.0
  Overweight                                   34.5    41.5      27.5
  Obese                                        18.8    19.6      18.0
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                                   3.8     4.9       2.6
  About right                                  54.0    56.2      51.8
  Overweight                                   42.2    38.9      45.5
Smoking status
  Daily                                        16.8    18.9      14.7
  Occasionally                                  4.9     5.5       4.4
  Never                                        78.3    75.7      80.9
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                       60.0    67.4      52.6
  5-10/day                                     36.5    29.8      43.2
  >10/day                                       3.5     2.8       4.2
Physical
  Active                                       26.5    28.5      24.4
  Moderately                                   26.1    25.6      26.6
  Inactive                                     47.5    45.9      49.0

Note: Values represent proportions (%) of Canadians with
indicated characteristics.

* Highest household education used for respondents aged 20-24;
highest respondent education used for ages [greater than or equal
to] 25.

([double dagger]) Occupational group included for respondents
aged 25-54.

Table 3. Proportions (%) of Canadian adults aged 20-75+ who
report high sedentary behaviour time, according to demographic,
health and health behaviour characteristics

Characteristic                           Computer       Video games
                                       >5 hours/week   [greater than
                                                       or equal to] 1
                                                         hour/week

Gender and age--See Figure 1
Marital status
  Married                                  40.9             13.3
  Common law                               42.5             24.4
  Widowed/separated/divorced               32.9             7.8
  Single/never married                     60.1             31.5
Education *
  <Secondary                               23.1             11.5
  Secondary graduate                       38.3             17.1
  Some post-secondary                      45.3             20.5
  Post-secondary graduate                  49.2             18.9
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/             50.1             20.7
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration          44.7             20.1
  Sales/service                            44.8             21.4
  Trades/transport/equipment               38.0             27.3
    operation
  Primary industry/processing/             39.2             21.1
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                    39.2             14.6
  $40-80K                                  44.6             17.8
  [greater than or equal to] $80K          46.6             19.6
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                39.6             16.1
  Prince Edward Island                     43.5             15.5
  Nova Scotia                              42.6             16.3
  New Brunswick                            41.3             17.5
  Quebec                                   36.2             15.9
  Ontario                                  46.1             18.0
  Manitoba                                 41.4             20.6
  Saskatchewan                             43.2             19.5
  Alberta                                  48.1             20.9
  British Columbia                         51.3             17.6
  Territories                              45.2             22.3
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                            42.8             19.2
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)             64.3             15.9
  Established immigrant (>10 years)        42.4             12.3
Race/ethnicity
  White                                    41.9             17.6
  Visible minority                         52.5             18.4
BMI
  Underweight                              48.4             17.7
  Normal weight                            44.3             17.4
  Overweight                               43.1             17.5
  Obese                                    44.9             19.3
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                              45.7             29.1
  About right                              46.9             17.5
  Overweight                               42.6             17.2
Smoking status
  Daily                                    41.6             22.2
  Occasionally                             51.4             25.0
  Never                                    44.2             16.4
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                   45.2             19.1
  5-10/day                                 42.7             15.7
  >10/day                                  40.1             15.8
Physical activity
  Active ([greater than or                 46.2             20.3
    equal to] 3 KKD)
  Moderately active (1.5-2.9 KKD)          44.9             17.5
  Inactive (<1.5 KKD)                      42.5             16.5

Characteristic                           TV/video     Screen time
                                       >2 hours/day   >2 hours/day

Gender and age--See Figure 1
Marital status
  Married                                  30.5           59.1
  Common law                               31.0           60.6
  Widowed/separated/divorced               41.6           62.7
  Single/never married                     27.0           68.5
Education *
  <Secondary                               50.9           64.0
  Secondary graduate                       38.1           64.8
  Some post-secondary                      36.4           67.2
  Post-secondary graduate                  25.7           60.2
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/             16.9           53.8
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration          21.0           55.3
  Sales/service                            25.7           57.3
  Trades/transport/equipment               27.0           57.5
    operation
  Primary industry/processing/             27.4           55.6
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                    42.3           66.6
  $40-80K                                  32.6           63.0
  [greater than or equal to] $80K          23.6           57.9
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                33.3           62.1
  Prince Edward Island                     31.8           62.1
  Nova Scotia                              36.9           66.4
  New Brunswick                            36.1           63.2
  Quebec                                   33.1           58.2
  Ontario                                  30.8           62.8
  Manitoba                                 31.5           60.1
  Saskatchewan                             31.4           61.4
  Alberta                                  29.2           62.8
  British Columbia                         28.5           63.4
  Territories                              34.3           63.1
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                            33.0           62.6
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)             17.0           60.7
  Established immigrant (>10 years)        29.1           58.6
Race/ethnicity
  White                                    33.0           61.8
  Visible minority                         24.9           61.6
BMI
  Underweight                              25.7           61.4
  Normal weight                            26.8           58.3
  Overweight                               33.3           62.7
  Obese                                    38.7           68.4
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                              33.4           67.1
  About right                              27.6           57.7
  Overweight                               35.7           66.5
Smoking status
  Daily                                    39.4           67.6
  Occasionally                             25.3           61.8
  Never                                    29.9           60.5
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                   34.3           64.8
  5-10/day                                 27.0           57.7
  >10/day                                  24.6           52.9
Physical activity
  Active ([greater than or                 23.6           57.6
    equal to] 3 KKD)
  Moderately active (1.5-2.9 KKD)          29.3           61.0
  Inactive (<1.5 KKD)                      36.6           64.5

Characteristic                            Reading      Total sedentary
                                       >5 hours/week      behaviour
                                                        [greater than
                                                       or equal to] 5
                                                          hours/day

Gender and age--See Figure 1
Marital status
  Married                                  41.0             24.2
  Common law                               30.8             23.9
  Widowed/separated/divorced               49.1             33.6
  Single/never married                     35.6             35.3
Education *
  <Secondary                               32.1             32.3
  Secondary graduate                       38.5             29.9
  Some post-secondary                      41.1             34.6
  Post-secondary graduate                  41.2             25.9
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/             33.2             17.9
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration          35.5             18.1
  Sales/service                            31.3             20.9
  Trades/transport/equipment               20.4             17.6
    operation
  Primary industry/processing/             22.0             17.9
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                    41.8             36.5
  $40-80K                                  40.1             28.9
  [greater than or equal to] $80K          38.0             21.6
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                35.5             26.7
  Prince Edward Island                     44.4             25.9
  Nova Scotia                              41.5             31.8
  New Brunswick                            38.3             29.2
  Quebec                                   32.8             23.3
  Ontario                                  42.9             29.7
  Manitoba                                 40.6             26.6
  Saskatchewan                             38.2             26.4
  Alberta                                  37.0             27.6
  British Columbia                         45.0             29.8
  Territories                              37.7             30.6
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                            39.5             27.9
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)             36.9             28.8
  Established immigrant (>10 years)        41.4             26.7
Race/ethnicity
  White                                    41.0             27.7
  Visible minority                         34.6             28.0
BMI
  Underweight                              40.0             30.2
  Normal weight                            39.9             25.5
  Overweight                               39.2             27.7
  Obese                                    40.0             33.0
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                              36.5             36.0
  About right                              37.7             24.5
  Overweight                               42.5             31.2
Smoking status
  Daily                                    34.2             33.3
  Occasionally                             37.9             26.7
  Never                                    41.0             26.7
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                   36.5             29.7
  5-10/day                                 44.4             24.8
  >10/day                                  45.0             25.2
Physical activity
  Active ([greater than or                 42.2             23.9
    equal to] 3 KKD)
  Moderately active (1.5-2.9 KKD)          42.2             26.6
  Inactive (<1.5 KKD)                      36.9             30.6

* Highest household education for respondents aged 20-24; highest
respondent education for ages >25.

([dagger]) Occupational group included for respondents aged
25-54.

([double dagger]) KKD = kilocalories per kilogram per day.

Table 4. Multivariable logistic regression: Odds of reporting
high sedentary behaviour time among Canadian adults aged 20-75+

                                                 Computer
                                              >5 hours/week

Gender
  Male                                             1.00
  Female                                    0.78 (0.75, 0.80)#
Age (years)
  20-24                                            1.00
  25-34                                     0.69 (0.65, 0.73)#
  35-44                                     0.48 (0.45, 0.51)#
  45-54                                     0.37 (0.34, 0.39)#
  55-64                                     0.38 (0.35, 0.40)#
  65-74                                     0.38 (0.35, 0.41)#
  75+                                       0.21 (0.19, 0.23)#
Marital status
  Married                                          1.00
  Common law                                1.03 (0.98, 1.08)
  Widowed/separated/divorced                1.02 (0.98, 1.07)
  Single/never married                      1.52 (1.46, 1.59)#
Education *
  <Secondary                                0.43 (0.41, 0.46)#
  Secondary graduate                        0.69 (0.66, 0.71)#
  Some post-secondary                       0.83 (0.78, 0.89)#
  Post-secondary graduate                          1.00
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/                     1.00
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration           0.87 (0.81, 0.92)#
  Sales/service                             0.80 (0.75, 0.85)#
  Trades/transport/equipment operation      0.52 (0.48, 0.56)#
  Primary industry/processing/              0.62 (0.56, 0.68)#
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                     0.92 (0.89, 0.96)#
  $40-80K                                   1.02 (0.99, 1.05)
  [greater than or equal to] $80K                  1.00
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                 1.24 (1.11, 1.39)#
  Prince Edward Island                      1.43 (1.16, 1.76)#
  Nova Scotia                               1.35 (1.24, 1.47)#
  New Brunswick                             1.35 (1.23, 1.49)#
  Quebec                                           1.00
  Ontario                                   1.42 (1.37, 1.48)#
  Manitoba                                  1.19 (1.09, 1.29)#
  Saskatchewan                              1.32 (1.21, 1.44)#
  Alberta                                   1.48 (1.41, 1.56)#
  British Columbia                          1.78 (1.70, 1.87)#
  Territories                               1.31 (1.01, 1.70)#
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                    1.00
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)              1.72 (1.61, 1.83)#
  Established immigrant ([greater           1.03 (0.99, 1.07)
    than or equal to] 10 years)
Race/ethnicity
  White                                            1.00
  Visible minority                          1.11 (1.06, 1.16)#
BMI
  Underweight                               1.08 (0.98, 1.19)
  Normal weight                                    1.00
  Overweight                                0.95 (0.92, 0.99)
  Obese                                     1.02 (0.97, 1.07)
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                               1.00 (0.93, 1.08)
  About right                                      1.00
  Overweight                                1.34 (1.29, 1.39)#

Smoking status
  Daily                                     0.94 (0.90, 0.98)#
  Occasionally                              1.02 (0.95, 1.08)
  Never                                            1.00
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                    1.25 (1.16, 1.35)#
  5-10/day                                  1.17 (1.08, 1.26)#
  >10/day                                          1.00
Physical activity
  Active                                           1.00
  Moderately active                         1.05 (1.01, 1.09)#
  Inactive                                  1.02 (0.98, 1.05)

                                               Video games
                                         [greater than or equal to]
                                                 1 hour/week

Gender
  Male                                             1.00
  Female                                    0.41 (0.40, 0.43)#
Age (years)
  20-24                                            1.00
  25-34                                     0.64 (0.61, 0.68)#
  35-44                                     0.36 (0.34, 0.39)#
  45-54                                     0.16 (0.14, 0.17)#
  55-64                                     0.10 (0.09, 0.10)#
  65-74                                     0.08 (0.07, 0.09)#
  75+                                       0.06 (0.05, 0.07)#
Marital status
  Married                                          1.00
  Common law                                1.20 (1.14, 1.28)#
  Widowed/separated/divorced                0.86 (0.79, 0.93)#
  Single/never married                      1.18 (1.11, 1.24)#
Education *
  <Secondary                                0.94 (0.88, 1.01)
  Secondary graduate                        0.99 (0.93, 1.04)
  Some post-secondary                       0.96 (0.89, 1.05)
  Post-secondary graduate                          1.00
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/                     1.00
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration           1.13 (1.04, 1.22)#
  Sales/service                             1.02 (0.94, 1.11)
  Trades/transport/equipment operation      0.87 (0.80, 0.95)#
  Primary industry/processing/              0.77 (0.69, 0.87)#
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                     0.99 (0.94, 1.05)
  $40-80K                                    1.04 (0.99, 1.08)
  [greater than or equal to] $80K                  1.00
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                 1.03 (0.88, 1.20)
  Prince Edward Island                      0.97 (0.73, 1.31)
  Nova Scotia                               1.03 (0.91, 1.16)
  New Brunswick                             1.12 (0.99, 1.28)
  Quebec                                           1.00
  Ontario                                   1.18 (1.13, 1.25)#
  Manitoba                                  1.33 (1.20, 1.48)#
  Saskatchewan                              1.22 (1.09, 1.37)#
  Alberta                                   1.26 (1.19, 1.36)#
  British Columbia                          1.21 (1.13, 1.29)#
  Territories                               1.24 (0.89, 1.70)
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                    1.00
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)              0.51 (0.46, 0.55)#
  Established immigrant ([greater           0.83 (0.78, 0.88)#
    than or equal to] 10 years)
Race/ethnicity
  White                                            1.00
  Visible minority                          0.93 (0.88, 0.99)#
BMI
  Underweight                                0.89 (0.79, 1.02)
  Normal weight                                    1.00
  Overweight                                1.10 (1.04, 1.15)#
  Obese                                     1.25 (1.18, 1.35)#
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                               1.56 (1.42, 1.70)#
  About right                                      1.00
  Overweight                                1.23 (1.17, 1.29)#

Smoking status
  Daily                                     1.17 (1.10, 1.22)#
  Occasionally                              0.99 (0.92, 1.07)
  Never                                            1.00
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                    1.29 (1.16, 1.44)#
  5-10/day                                  1.20 (1.08, 1.34)#
  >10/day                                          1.00
Physical activity
  Active                                           1.00
  Moderately active                         1.00 (0.95, 1.05)
  Inactive                                  0.98 (0.94, 1.03)

                                                 TV/video
                                               >2 hours/day

Gender
  Male                                             1.00
  Female                                    0.98 (0.95, 1.01)
Age (years)
  20-24                                            1.00
  25-34                                     1.14 (1.06, 1.22)#
  35-44                                     1.18 (1.09, 1.27)#
  45-54                                     1.68 (1.56, 1.81)#
  55-64                                     2.66 (2.47, 2.87)#
  65-74                                     4.12 (3.80, 4.48)#
  75+                                       5.01 (4.58, 5.49)#
Marital status
  Married                                          1.00
  Common law                                1.33 (1.26, 1.39)#
  Widowed/separated/divorced                0.99 (0.94, 1.03)
  Single/never married                      1.25 (1.19, 1.31)#
Education *
  <Secondary                                1.48 (1.42, 1.63)#
  Secondary graduate                        1.35 (1.35, 1.47)#
  Some post-secondary                       1.26 (1.26, 1.43)#
  Post-secondary graduate                          1.00
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/                     1.00
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration           1.19 (1.10, 1.28)#
  Sales/service                             1.47 (1.36, 1.59)#
  Trades/transport/equipment operation      1.36 (1.25, 1.48)#
  Primary industry/processing/              1.43 (1.28, 1.59)#
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                     1.57 (1.50, 1.64)#
  $40-80K                                   1.27 (1.22, 1.32)#
  [greater than or equal to] $80K                  1.00
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                 0.86 (0.76, 0.97)#
  Prince Edward Island                       0.85 (0.68, 1.06)
  Nova Scotia                               1.10 (1.01, 1.20)#
  New Brunswick                              1.00 (0.91, 1.11)
  Quebec                                           1.00
  Ontario                                   1.06 (1.02, 1.10)#
  Manitoba                                  0.97 (0.89, 1.06)
  Saskatchewan                              0.93 (0.84, 1.02)
  Alberta                                   1.04 (0.99, 1.10)
  British Columbia                          0.96 (0.90, 1.01)
  Territories                                1.19 (0.90, 1.57)
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                    1.00
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)              0.63 (0.58, 0.68)#
  Established immigrant ([greater           0.74 (0.70, 0.77)#
    than or equal to] 10 years)
Race/ethnicity
  White                                            1.00
  Visible minority                          1.01 (0.97, 1.06)
BMI
  Underweight                               0.86 (0.77, 0.96)#
  Normal weight                                    1.00
  Overweight                                1.15 (1.10, 1.19)#
  Obese                                     1.30 (1.23, 1.36)#
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                               1.19 (1.15, 1.24)#
  About right                                      1.00
  Overweight                                1.22 (1.12, 1.32)#

Smoking status
  Daily                                     1.39 (1.34, 1.45)#
  Occasionally                              1.03 (0.96, 1.11)
  Never                                            1.00
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                    1.27 (1.17, 1.39)#
  5-10/day                                  1.00 (0.92, 1.09)
  >10/day                                          1.00
Physical activity
  Active                                           1.00
  Moderately active                         1.21 (1.16, 1.27)#
  Inactive                                  1.48 (1.42, 1.54)#

                                               Screen time
                                               >2 hours/day

Gender
  Male                                             1.00
  Female                                    0.78 (0.76, 0.81)#
Age (years)
  20-24                                            1.00
  25-34                                     0.74 (0.70, 0.80)#
  35-44                                     0.55 (0.52, 0.59)#
  45-54                                     0.59 (0.56, 0.63)#
  55-64                                     0.84 (0.78, 0.90)#
  65-74                                     1.14 (1.06, 1.23)#
  75+                                       1.12 (1.03, 1.23)#
Marital status
  Married                                          1.00
  Common law                                1.16 (1.11, 1.21)#
  Widowed/separated/divorced                 1.01 (0.97, 1.06)
  Single/never married                      1.40 (1.34, 1.46)#
Education *
  <Secondary                                0.90 (0.86, 0.95)#
  Secondary graduate                        1.09 (1.05, 1.14)#
  Some post-secondary                       1.14 (1.06, 1.21)#
  Post-secondary graduate                          1.00
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/                     1.00
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration           1.07 (1.01, 1.14)
  Sales/service                             1.07 (1.00, 1.14)
  Trades/transport/equipment operation      0.83 (0.77, 0.89)#
  Primary industry/processing/              0.88 (0.80, 0.96)#
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                     1.23 (1.19, 1.29)#
  $40-80K                                   1.13 (1.09, 1.16)#
  [greater than or equal to] $80K                  1.00
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                 1.08 (0.97, 1.21)
  Prince Edward Island                       1.11 (0.90, 1.37)
  Nova Scotia                               1.33 (1.22, 1.45)#
  New Brunswick                             1.15 (1.05, 1.27)#
  Quebec                                           1.00
  Ontario                                   1.27 (1.23, 1.32)#
  Manitoba                                   1.05 (0.97, 1.13)
  Saskatchewan                               1.09 (1.00, 1.19)
  Alberta                                   1.28 (1.22, 1.35)#
  British Columbia                          1.32 (1.26, 1.39)#
  Territories                                1.18 (0.91, 1.54)
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                    1.00
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)              0.94 (0.88, 1.01)
  Established immigrant ([greater           0.80 (0.77, 0.84)#
    than or equal to] 10 years)
Race/ethnicity
  White                                            1.00
  Visible minority                          1.10 (1.06, 1.15)#
BMI
  Underweight                               1.02 (0.93, 1.12)
  Normal weight                                    1.00
  Overweight                                1.04 (1.00, 1.07)
  Obese                                     1.21 (1.15, 1.27)#
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                               1.20 (1.11, 1.29)#
  About right                                      1.00
  Overweight                                1.40 (1.35, 1.45)#

Smoking status
  Daily                                     1.29 (1.24, 1.35)#
  Occasionally                              1.03 (0.96, 1.10)
  Never                                            1.00
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                    1.38 (1.28, 1.48)#
  5-10/day                                  1.16 (1.08, 1.25)#
  >10/day                                          1.00
Physical activity
  Active                                           1.00
  Moderately active                         1.14 (1.10, 1.19)#
  Inactive                                  1.25 (1.20, 1.29)#

                                                 Reading
                                              >5 hours/week

Gender
  Male                                             1.00
  Female                                    1.64 (1.59, 1.69)#
Age (years)
  20-24                                            1.00
  25-34                                     0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
  35-44                                     1.12 (1.05, 1.19)#
  45-54                                     1.47 (1.38, 1.57)#
  55-64                                     2.61 (2.44, 2.79)#
  65-74                                     4.28 (3.97, 4.62)#
  75+                                       5.94 (5.44, 6.48)#
Marital status
  Married                                          1.00
  Common law                                0.98 (0.93, 1.03)
  Widowed/separated/divorced                1.10 (1.05, 1.15)#
  Single/never married                      1.26 (1.20, 1.31)#
Education *
  <Secondary                                0.43 (0.41, 0.46)#
  Secondary graduate                        0.79 (0.76, 0.82)#
  Some post-secondary                       1.00 (0.94, 1.06)
  Post-secondary graduate                          1.00
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/                     1.00
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration            1.08 (1.01, 1.15)
  Sales/service                              0.97 (0.90, 1.03)
  Trades/transport/equipment operation      0.67 (0.62, 0.73)#
  Primary industry/processing/              0.71 (0.64, 0.80)#
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                     0.99 (0.95, 1.03)
  $40-80K                                   1.02 (0.98, 1.05)
  [greater than or equal to] $80K                  1.00
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                 1.19 (1.06, 1.33)#
  Prince Edward Island                      1.65 (1.34, 2.03)#
  Nova Scotia                               1.44 (1.32, 1.57)#
  New Brunswick                             1.32 (1.20, 1.45)#
  Quebec                                           1.00
  Ontario                                   1.65 (1.59, 1.72)#
  Manitoba                                  1.49 (1.37, 1.61)#
  Saskatchewan                              1.34 (1.23, 1.46)#
  Alberta                                   1.34 (1.27, 1.42)#
  British Columbia                          1.72 (1.63, 1.80)#
  Territories                               1.64 (1.25, 2.15)#
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                    1.00
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)              1.42 (1.33, 1.51)#
  Established immigrant ([greater           0.95 (0.91, 0.99)#
    than or equal to] 10 years)
Race/ethnicity
  White                                            1.00
  Visible minority                          0.83 (0.80, 0.87)#
BMI
  Underweight                                1.03 (0.93, 1.13)
  Normal weight                                    1.00
  Overweight                                0.94 (0.90, 0.97)#
  Obese                                     0.97 (0.92, 1.02)
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                               1.08 (1.00, 1.17)
  About right                                      1.00
  Overweight                                1.18 (1.14, 1.23)#

Smoking status
  Daily                                     1.04 (1.00, 1.09)#
  Occasionally                              1.20 (1.12, 1.28)#
  Never                                            1.00
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                    0.73 (0.67, 0.78)#
  5-10/day                                  0.91 (0.84, 0.98)#
  >10/day                                          1.00
Physical activity
  Active                                           1.00
  Moderately active                         0.96 (0.93, 1.00)
  Inactive                                  0.77 (0.74, 0.80)#

                                             Total sedentary
                                                behaviour
                                        [greater than or equal to]
                                              5 hours/day
Gender
  Male                                             1.00
  Female                                    0.96 (0.93, 0.99)#
Age (years)
  20-24                                            1.00
  25-34                                     0.67 (0.63, 0.71)#
  35-44                                     0.51 (0.48, 0.55)#
  45-54                                     0.57 (0.53, 0.61)#
  55-64                                     0.91 (0.85, 0.97)#
  65-74                                     1.49 (1.38, 1.61)#
  75+                                       1.73 (1.59, 1.88)#
Marital status
  Married                                          1.00
  Common law                                1.23 (1.17, 1.30)#
  Widowed/separated/divorced                1.17 (1.12, 1.23)#
  Single/never married                      1.72 (1.64, 1.80)#
Education *
  <Secondary                                0.89 (0.85, 0.93)#
  Secondary graduate                        1.05 (1.00, 1.09)
  Some post-secondary                       1.21 (1.14, 1.30)#
  Post-secondary graduate                          1.00
Occupation (age 25-54 ([dagger]))
  Management/health/education/                     1.00
    art/culture
  Business/finance/administration            0.96 (0.88, 1.04)
  Sales/service                              1.01 (0.93, 1.09)
  Trades/transport/equipment operation      0.71 (0.65, 0.78)#
  Primary industry/processing/              0.80 (0.71, 0.90)#
    manufacturing
Annual income
  <$40K                                     1.50 (1.44, 1.57)#
  $40-80K                                   1.26 (1.22, 1.31)#
  [greater than or equal to] $80K                  1.00
Province
  Newfoundland and Labrador                 1.17 (1.03, 1.33)
  Prince Edward Island                      1.10 (0.87, 1.39)
  Nova Scotia                               1.49 (1.36, 1.63)#
  New Brunswick                             1.31 (1.18, 1.45)#
  Quebec                                           1.00
  Ontario                                   1.52 (1.46, 1.59)#
  Manitoba                                  1.22 (1.12, 1.34)#
  Saskatchewan                              1.20 (1.09, 1.33)#
  Alberta                                   1.45 (1.37, 1.54)#
  British Columbia                          1.53 (1.45, 1.61)#
  Territories                               1.57 (1.18, 2.07)#
Immigrant status
  Non-immigrant                                    1.00
  Recent immigrant (0-9 years)              1.18 (1.10, 1.27)#
  Established immigrant ([greater           0.87 (0.83, 0.91)#
    than or equal to] 10 years)
Race/ethnicity
  White                                            1.00
  Visible minority                          1.07 (1.02, 1.12)#
BMI
  Underweight                                0.99 (0.89, 1.09)
  Normal weight                                    1.00
  Overweight                                1.05 (1.00, 1.09)
  Obese                                     1.24 (1.18, 1.30)#
Opinion of own weight
  Underweight                               1.37 (1.27, 1.48)#
  About right                                      1.00
  Overweight                                1.35 (1.30, 1.41)#

Smoking status
  Daily                                     1.38 (1.32, 1.44)#
  Occasionally                              1.02 (0.95, 1.10)
  Never                                            1.00
Fruits and vegetables consumption
  <5/day                                    1.04 (0.95, 1.13)
  5-10/day                                  0.91 (0.83, 0.99)
  >10/day                                          1.00
Physical activity
  Active                                           1.00
  Moderately active                         1.14 (1.09, 1.19)#
  Inactive                                  1.27 (1.22, 1.32)#

Note: All listed variables included in multivariable regression
model. BMI = body mass index. Bold font indicates statistically
significant association with reporting high levels of each SB.

* Highest household education for respondents aged 20-24; highest
respondent education for ages [greater than or equal to] 25.

([dagger]) Occupational group included for respondents aged
25-54.

Note: Statistically significant association with
reporting high levels of each SB indicated with #.