Charter Fishing in California

During 2012, anglers in California took over 544,000 saltwater fishing trips aboard charter or party boats, also known as commercial passenger fishing vessels (CPFV), and spent $120 million on charter trip-related expenditures in the state (NMFS, 2014). Charter anglers in California can choose from a large selection of different trips. In Southern California, anglers can take half-day or full-day trips targeting species such as yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares; albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga; dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus; and yellow tail, Seriola lalandi dorsalis. Or they may choose overnight or longer trips further off the coast targeting Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis.

In the San Francisco area and north to the Oregon border, charter vessels take anglers out for Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Throughout the state, anglers also target lingcod, Ophiodon elongates; vermillion rockfish, Sebastes miniatus; bocaccio, S. paucispinis; copper rockfish, S. caurinus; and yellowtail rockfish, S. flavidus. To better understand the economic sustainability of the industry and the financial situation for charter operators and crew, a survey focused on the 2012 season was administered in 2013 by the National Marine Fisheries Service's (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) in La Jolla, Calif.

The survey is part of a series of national studies conducted regionally by NMFS on the recreational for-hire industry (e.g., charter and party boats) about every 5 years on a rotating basis. The Magnuson-Stevens Act, Executive Order 12866, and other federal regulations require NMFS to conduct economic analysis of the impacts of its management actions. The data collected in these surveys are used in the estimation of the economic contributions of the for-hire fleet to the local and regional economies and can be used to estimate the economic impacts of changes in the fishery.

These changes may include fishing regulations, such the establishment of marine protected areas which decrease available fishing grounds, and exogenous shocks to the industry such as rising costs associated with fishing and the effects of environmental changes on fishery stocks. The last survey of the CPFV fleet in California was conducted in 2000. (1) Given significant changes in the economy and California fisheries in the intervening years, an updated survey was needed to understand current economic conditions in the industry and the issues affecting it throughout the state.

Survey Methodology and Data Collection

The 2013 California survey was designed to collect information on 2012 cost and earnings data for each fishing business and closely followed the format and methods from recent for-hire surveys conducted or supported by NMFS in the northeast (Stcinback and Brinson (2)), southeast (Liese and Carter, 2011; Savolainen et al., 2011; Holland et al. (3)), Pacific Northwest (Leonard, 2016), and Pacific islands (Hospital and Beavers (4)). Hurt and Silva (2015) conducted a similar survey focused on for-hire vessels targeting Atlantic highly migratory species.

Many of these surveys have demonstrated that in-person interviews result in more accurate data. With that in mind, the survey sampling in California was divided into two phases consisting of in-person interviews in Phase 1, and a multi-mode design for Phase 2 with in-person, telephone, and mail-in options. This two-phase approach was thought to both maximize response rates and data quality. Although in-person interviews often result in better data, response rates may be lower due to scheduling difficulties. A mixed-mode design offers more scheduling flexibility and therefore a potentially higher response rate.

The survey was pre-tested using a pilot study of a small number of CPFV owner/operators in San Diego county, focused on the 2011 season, and was administered in 2012 (Hanan and Hanan (5)). Based on the pilot study, the 2012 survey questionnaire was organized into sections on industry participation, annual business based expenditures, vessel characteristics, annual vessel based expenditures, annual vessel based fishing operations revenue, annual vessel based non-fishing operations revenue, individual trip type expenses and revenues, owner opinion, and business structure and outlook.

The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) provided NMFS with a list of all charter vessels registered in the state during 2012 and contact information for the owner. There were 339 registered vessels reported in the 2012 CPFV fishing logs. Of these, 324 vessels reported carrying at least one passenger on a sportfishing trip. Removal of vessels with no available contact information reduced the number of active vessels to 264 (Table 1). These 264 vessels were stratified into four groups based on a combination of geographic area (North and South) and vessel size.

The South area included San Diego, Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Barbara counties. The North area included all other coastal counties north of Santa Barbara. To explore the heterogeneity across vessel size classes, vessels 50 ft (15.24 m) or larger were classified as "Large" and vessels less than 50 ft as "Small." The CPFV fleet was then divided into four groups: North Large, South Large, North Small, and South Small. We limit this report to differences between large and small vessel categories. Future reports will provide details on the North/South subcategories.

The target population of the survey was charter businesses, rather than individual vessels. Each business may own one or more vessels. In Phase 1, 148 owners of a charter business were selected for in-person interviews from the list using stratified random sampling across the four location/size categories. In Phase 2, the remaining 116 owners were selected for either in-person interviews, phone interviews, or a mail survey (Hanan et al. (6)).

Table 1 shows the total number of charter businesses, the number of surveys administered and completion rates for both phases. Inaccurate contact information, refusals, and inability to reach an owner after multiple attempts reduced the number of owners scheduled for the survey, both for the total fleet and stratified by vessel location and vessel size category. The total number of surveys administered in person, over the phone, or by mail was 123. Surveys with at least 95% of the questions answered were considered complete. Of those business owners who responded to the survey, 84% resulted in what was considered a completed survey. Of all the owners with active CPFV operations during 2012, 39% participated and completed the survey. Stratified by size of vessel, response rates were higher for large vessel businesses (57%) than small vessel businesses (23%). Survey summary statistics were estimated in STATA/MP (version 14.1, 2015) (7) using the subset of observations that were complete for each question.

CPFV Fleet Profile

The first panel of Table 2 provides the characteristics of CPFV owners as to their involvement in the fishery. Across all vessels, owners had an average of 33 years of experience with the industry in some capacity (e.g., deck hand, captain, cook). Owners of small vessels had on average 22 years of experience, compared to 39 years of experience for large vessel owners. Seventy-two percent of owners reported that they were also the primary captains of a CPFV. For owners of small vessels, 90% were also captains. The percentage was much lower for large vessel owners, where 64% reported that they were also captains. The average number of vessels owned by a single owner was two (2.0) for all respondents with slightly lower averages for small vessel owners (1.4) compared to large vessel owners (2.3).

Across all vessels, owners received 40% of their income from CPFV operations on average. Owners of small vessels received 23% of their income from CPFV operations, whereas owners of large vessels received 49%. Table 2 also provides the results of t-tests on the differences in the means between large and small vessels for each of the owner characteristics. The results indicate statistically significant differences in all of the characteristics.

The second panel of Tabic 2 reports summary statistics for vessel characteristics. The average CPFV has a gross tonnage of 45 (40.8 t), a length of 56 feet (16.9 m), and was built in 1977. Small vessels average a gross tonnage of 14 (12.7 t) and a length of 34 feet (10.4 m). Large vessels averaged 58 tons (52.6 t) and 65 feet (19.8 m). Small vessels are newer by 14 years on average, having been built in 1987, compared to large vessels that were built in 1973.

The maximum number of crew was 3 for all vessels and the maximum number of passengers was 46. Smaller vessels have an average crew size of 2 and hold a maximum of 11 passengers. Larger vessels have a crew size of 4 on average and hold a maximum of 61 passengers. Overnight trips are offered by a subset of 47 out of 103 vessels from both size classes. On average these vessels have an overnight capacity of 25 passengers. Eleven (11) out of 31 of the small vessels offer overnight trips with an average overnight capacity of 6 passengers. Thirty-six (36) of the 72 large vessels offer overnight trips with an average overnight capacity of 31 passengers. All vessel characteristics showed statistically significant differences between the means of large and small vessels.

Costs and Earnings

Table 3 reports the average revenues for vessels in the CPFV fleet. Average revenues were calculated at the CPFV level, rather than owner level. The average total revenues across all categories were $337,371 for all vessels, $96,163 for small vessels, and $441,225 for large vessels. (8) Table 3 also shows revenues stratified by recreational fishing based revenues and nonrecreational fishing based revenues.

Across all vessels, total recreational fishing based revenues average $270,543 and total nonrecreational fishing based revenues average $66,829. For small vessels, the average of total revenues across recreational fishing and nonrecreational fishing revenue categories are $77,934 and $18,230. For large vessels, the average of total revenues across recreational fishing and nonrecreational fishing revenues arc $353,472 and $87,753. The following paragraph provides a breakout of revenues by category.

Ticket sales and related fees, such as fuel surcharges, rod rentals, gunny sack, and bunk surcharges, were the largest revenue category for all vessels regardless of size of the CPFV. On average, a vessel collected $263,107 in ticket sales and related fees, with small vessels collecting $77,271, and large vessels collecting $343,120. Across all vessels, nonfishing recreational charters, commercial fishing activities, and food and beverage sales were the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th largest revenue streams with revenues of $55,730, $7,093, and $6,962, respectively.

Based on size of the vessel, there is a difference in the next highest revenue-generating activity. Smaller vessels generate $14,880 in commercial fishing related revenues, followed by $3,117 in nonfishing recreational trips. While for large vessels, nonfishing recreational trips account for $79,030 in average revenues, followed by food and beverage sales of $9,863. Small vessels report $226 in food and beverage sales, and large vessels report $3,645 in commercial fishing activities.

Nonrecreational and nonfishing charter trips account for $5,437 of revenues across all vessels; with an average of $232 in revenues for small vessels, and $7,809 in revenues for large vessels. Other revenue sources include filet charges, sales of souvenirs, and commissions on angler licenses. These categories accounted for an average of $287, $112, and $79 in revenues, respectively across all vessels. For small vessels the average revenues were $97, $79, and $261, respectively, while for large vessels average revenues were $371, $127, and $0, respectively. None of the CPFV's reported revenues from lodging or equipment rentals.

Expenditures are reported in Table 4 after allocating expenditures to the vessel level. In cases where business expenses were split between multiple vessels, an even share of the expenses were attributed to each vessel. Table 4 reports expenditures by individual expenditure category; individual categories arc organized into both vessel expenditures (top panel) and business expenditures (bottom panel). Total average expenditures were $295,338 for all vessels, $391,555 for large vessels, and $71,866 for small vessels.

Expenditures on payroll for the skipper/captain and the crew was the largest expenditure category on average for all vessels and for large vessels. For all vessels, payroll was $69,076 on average; for large vessels it was $94,939. For small vessels, average payroll expenditures were $10,677. The second largest category of expenditures for all vessels was for fuel costs, averaging $65,100 per vessel. For small vessels, fuel costs, at $17,520, were higher than payroll costs and the largest expenditure category. For large vessels fuel costs were the second highest expense at $86,790. For small vessels, however, fuel costs were the highest average expenditure ($17,520).

Bait expenditures were the third highest expenditure category across all vessels and for large vessels, with an average of $25,183 and $34,047, respectively. Small vessels report average bait expenditures of $3,910. On smaller vessels, the third highest type of expenditure was equipment purchases, repair, and maintenance averaging $8,369. For all vessels, the average total for vessel expenditures was $244,186. For small vessels, the average total for vessel expenditures was $56,768; large vessels averaged $324,880.

In terms of business expenditures, the highest expenditure for all vessels and for large vessels was payroll of nonvessel personnel; $12,519 and $17,527, respectively. Insurance was the second highest business expense. For all vessels, insurance expenditures averaged $11,518. For large vessels, average insurance expenditures were $14,380. For small vessels, insurance was the number one business expense, averaging $4,872. Rent paid on office space ($ 10,000) and advertising services ($7,525) were the third and fourth highest expenditures for all vessels. For all vessels, average business expenditures were $51,152. For large vessels, the average was $66,675. and for small vessels, the average was $15,099.

The average net vessel revenue across all vessels was $42,033. Small vessels had average net revenues of $24,297. On average, net revenues for large vessels were $49,670. Positive average net revenues across the fleet and for both vessel size stratifications indicate that, on average, the fleet is profitable. However, the large standard deviation statistics across fleet-wide, small vessel, and large vessel net revenue statistics indicate that many individual boats have negative net-revenues.

Average Trip Characteristics

The survey asked owners a series of questions regarding the characteristics of an average trip for different trip lengths that are common in the CPFV fleet. The trip length categories are partial-day (half-day and twilight trips), full-day (includes 3/4 day trips), overnight (includes day and a half trips), and long-distance (includes multi-day trips, and trips to Mexico and international waters). Stratified by trip length and size of vessel. Table 5 shows the average per vessel annual number of angler days, the average vessel percentage of angler days, and the average length of a trip in hours; all three statistics are conditional on the vessel providing the respective trip length. Results are broken out by vessel size categories (small, large, and all vessels). An angler day is measured as either a partial or full-day trip by one angler.

The first four rows of Table 5 report the average vessel annual number of angler days provided by trip length and the corresponding standard deviation; all statistics are conditional on the vessel having offered trips of the respective size class. For partial day trips, the average per vessel annual number of angler days was 3,666 for all vessels. Small vessels averaged 260 angler days and large vessels averaged 5,369 angler days on partial-day trips; the difference between small and large is statistically different at the 1% level.

On full-day trips, the average per vessel annual number of angler days was 2.024 angler days for all vessels. Small vessels averaged 572 angler days, and large vessels averaged 2,800 angler days on full-day trips; the difference between small and large is statistically different at the 1% level. For overnight trips, the average per vessel annual number of angler days was 1,245 for large vessels. Statistics for small and all vessels are not provided due to confidentially concerns. For long distance trips, the average per vessel annual number of angler days was 3,197 for large vessels; no long distance trips were reported by small vessels.

The second four rows of Table 5 report the average vessel percentage of angler days provided by trip length and the corresponding standard deviation; all statistics are conditional on the vessel having offered a trip of the respective size class. For partial day trips, the average per vessel percentage of angler days was 61% for all vessels. Small vessels averaged 69% and large vessels averaged 57%; the difference between small and large vessels is not considered to be statistically different at any conventional level. On full-day trips, the average per vessel percentage of angler days was 70% for all vessels. Small vessels averaged 76% and large vessels averaged 67% for full day trips; the difference between small and large vessels is not considered to be statistically different at any conventional level. On overnight trips, the average per vessel percentage of angler days was 52% for large vessels. Statistics for small and all vessels are not provided due to confidentially concerns. For long distance trips, the average per vessel percentage of angler days was 79% for large vessels; no long distance trips were reported by small vessels.

The third four rows of Table 5 report the average vessel length of a trip in hours (h) by trip length and the corresponding standard deviation; all statistics are conditional on the vessel having offered a trip of the respective size class. For partial day trips, the average per vessel length of a trip was 5.6 h for all vessels. Small vessel trips averaged 4.9 h, and large vessels averaged 6 h on partial-day trips; the difference between small and large is statistically different at the 5% level. On full-day trips, the average per vessel length of a trip was 9.8 h for all vessels. Small vessel trips averaged 8.8 h, and large vessels averaged 10.3 h for full day trips; the difference between small and large is statistically different at the 1% level. For overnight trips, the average per vessel length of trip was 24 h, or 1 day, for large vessels. Statistics for small and all vessels arc not provided due to confidentially concerns. For long distance trips, the average per vessel length of trip was 102 h, or over 4 days, for large vessels; no long distance trips were reported by small vessels.

Table 5 provides empirical support of the following insights. First, full day trips are the most commonly offered, regardless of vessel size class. Overall, 66 out of 103 vessels which completed the survey offered full day trips; corresponding figures for small and large vessels arc 23 out of 33, and 43 out of 72, respectively. Partial day trips were the second most commonly offered, regardless of vessel size. For vessels that offered full-day trips, these trips made up the majority of their annual passenger loads. Over all vessels, full-day trips made up an average of 70% of vessel days for vessels that provided them; corresponding figures for small and large vessels are 76% and 67%, respectively

A second insight is that most vessels specialize in one primary trip length and then fill in their schedules with secondary trip length. Evidence of this can be seen in the high average and standard deviation percentages by trip length, and the spread of the number of vessels offering each trip length. A third insight is that there is consistency in the length of trips in hours as reported by vessels for each trip length category.

Factors Affecting Business Operations

To understand the factors impacting individual CPFV businesses and the industry overall, a series of short questions were asked about regulations, the environment, and a few broader economic issues. Respondents were asked to rate each issue as very challenging, somewhat challenging, neutral, somewhat favorable, or very favorable. For brevity, the issues that at least 50% of owners rated as very challenging or somewhat challenging are presented in Table 6. (9)

One of the issues that a majority of respondents rated as very challenging was "fishery regulations including marine protected areas (MPA's).'' Overall, 71% of owners rated it as very challenging. For owners of large vessels, 73% rated it as very challenging and 17% as somewhat challenging. For small vessel owners, 65% rated it as very challenging and 13% as somewhat challenging. Non-fishery government regulations were rated by only 35% of owners as very challenging, and by 40% as somewhat challenging; during the interviews some vessel owners noted that safety regulations were appreciated. Thirty-nine percent of large vessel owners replied that these regulations were very challenging compared to 26% of small vessel owners.

Environmental conditions were rated as very challenging by 36% of all vessel owners, 37% of large vessel owners, and 35% of small vessel owners. Ocean and fish stock health concerned fewer of the large vessel owners, with 21% rating it as very challenging and 29% as somewhat challenging. For small vessel owners, the issue was a larger concern, with 39% rating it as very challenging, compared to 23% who rated it as somewhat challenging.

Discussion

This paper presents results of a survey of CPFV businesses that asked questions about the 2012 fishing season. Updated information on the financial situation facing individual vessel owners and the industry overall is critical to understanding how current and future environmental conditions, economic trends, and fisheries regulations will impact the future sustainability of this important sector of the California economy. Response rates to the survey were comparable to other similar surveys around the country; the 2010 survey in the Northeast had an overall response rate of 48% (Steinback and Brinson (2)); a 2012 survey in the Pacific Northwest had a 55% response rate (Leonard (10)). For large California charter vessels, the response rate in this survey was 57%, however, the percentage was lower for the small vessels (23%). The high level of outreach prior to the start of the survey appears to have positively affected willingness to participate.

Prior to the actual survey, SWFSC economists and the contractor met with many angling groups to discuss the upcoming survey, worked with angling associations to publicize it, and conducted a pilot study to get feedback on the questionnaire. Additionally, the use of in-person interviews resulted in a higher number of complete interviews than the other methods, with an 87% completion rate. Over-thc-phonc interviews had an 86% completion rate. In contrast, the mail-based surveys in Phase 2 had a completion rate of 38%. Another factor that appeared to increase willingness to participate was having interviews conducted prior to the start of the fishing season, when owners had more time available. Interviews conducted in the off season resulted in higher completion rates than those conducted once the busy fishing season was underway.

In 2012, average characteristics of both owners and vessels illustrate that the owners arc highly experienced with over 30 years in the industry. Owners of small vessels are very engaged in daily operations as 90% captain their own vessel. For large vessel owners, 64% are captains of their own vessel. In contrast, the study conducted in 2000 found that a larger share of owners of large vessels in Northern California operated their own vessels (100%) and a smaller share of owners of large vessels in Southern California operated their vessels (42%). (11) For small/medium vessels, between 84% and 100% were operated in 2000 by the owner in both areas of the state, which is not too different from the 90% average in 2012 for boats under 50 ft. The 2012 results show that small-vessel owners own one boat on average, and large-vessel owners own about two boats on average. In 2000, primarily only owners of large vessels in Southern California owned more than one vessel (58%).

In 2000, the average crew size for large vessels varied between 1.2 full time crew in Northern California, and 4.3 full-time crew in Southern California. By 2013, this average was 3.6 crew statewide for large vessels. For small and medium-sized vessels in 2000, the range was from 0.2 full-time crew (small, Southern California) to 8.9 (small, Northern California). In 2012, the small vessel category had 1.9 crew on average.

Owners of large vessels in 2012 obtain 80% of their revenues on average from recreational fishing trips (Table 3). For large vessels in Northern California this was an increase since 2000, when they earned 74% of their vessel-based revenues from recreational angling trips, but a decrease for large vessels in Southern California where the percentage was 87%.

Ticket sales in 2012 for recreational fishing account for the largest share of revenues regardless of vessel size. However, there is a difference in large vs. small vessels in terms of what other sources of revenue are important to their operations. Small vessels arc more likely to have an additional income stream related to commercial fishing relative to large vessels, and large vessels have a significant source of revenue from non-fishing related recreational trips. Overall, this diversity in revenue streams probably helps owners and crew in terms of financial stability over the year and may help them to compensate for seasonal downturns in recreational fishing activity. Overall, CPFV vessels in 2012 had average net revenues of $42,000.

The largest average expenditure categories in 2012 were payroll for crew ($69,000) and fuel costs ($65,000) for all vessel size categories. In 2000, similar patterns were observed across most of the state for both large, medium, and small vessels. In a few cases, fuel costs were slightly higher than payroll costs, but together these two categories made up a large share of overall expenditures.

An issue causing concern among CPFV owners in 2012 was government fisheries regulations. Over 70% responded to this question stating that this was a very challenging issue for their business. The survey did not go into specifics about which type of regulations were more difficult, other than to include marine protected areas as an example of regulations. Given the recent establishment of marine protected areas off the California coast, this issue may have been forefront in the minds of owners. Prior to the fi nalization of the regulations governing marine protected areas, there was a lot of uncertainty among anglers and the public over what areas were actually open to recreational fishing and what restrictions might be on the horizon. This uncertainty may have been the reason that fisheries regulations were listed as a top concern among the CPFV owners and operators. More research is needed to investigate specifically how the establishment of MPA's will affect the CPFV industry in future years.

The study was designed to provide a concise, descriptive overview of the survey results. Future analysis on the survey results will look into more comparative results, such as the differences in vessels located in Northern California vs. Southern California to see whether or not the differences in fisheries across the state geographically translate into differences in the financial profile of the industry. The survey results can also be used to estimate the economic contributions of the industry to the economy of California in terms of jobs supported and contributions to the state's gross domestic product. Finally, future research should use the results of this study in California to investigate the differences or similarities facing the for-hire industry in the different regions of the country, using the other for-hire surveys recently conducted by NMFS or its partners.

Literature Cited

Hutt, C, and G. Silva. 2015. The economics of Atlantic highly migratory species for-hire fishing trips, July-November 2013. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech, Memo. NMFS OSF4, 34 p. (online at http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/tm/TM 147.pdf).

Leonard, J. 2016. Washington and Oregon charter vessel survey: methodology and results. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFSNWFSC-134. (doi:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-134).

Liese C, and D. Carter. 2011. Collecting economic data from the for-hire fishing sector: Lessons from a cost and earnings survey of the southeast U.S. charter boat industry. In T. D. Beard, Jr., R. Arlinghaus, and S. G. Sutton (Editors), The angler in the environment: social, economic, biological, and ethical dimensions. Proc. Fifth World Recreational Fish. Conf., p. 279 292. Am. Fish. Soc., Symp. 75, Bethesda, Md.

NMFS. 2014. Fisheries economics of the United States, 2012. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-137, 175 p. (online at https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/econom-ics/publications/fetts/fisheries_economics_2014/index).

Savolainen, M. A., R. H. Caffey, and R. F. Kazmierczak. 2011. The recreational for-hire sector in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: structural and economic observations from the third decadal survey. In Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inslit., Puerto Morelos, Mex. 64:102-113.

Stata Software/MP 14.1 for Mac. Oct 2015. StataCorp LP. 4905 Lakeway Drive. College Station, TX.

James Hilger, corresponding author, (James.Hilger@noaa.gov) is with the Fisheries Resource Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 90237. Sabrina Lovell is with the Office of Science and Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910. This article and its findings do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Commerce, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the National Marine Fisheries Service.

(1) West Coast Charter Boat Survey Summary Report, 2000. 2004. Unpublished report, Pac. States Mar. Fish. Comm., Econ. Data Prog., Spokane, Wash, (online at http://www.psmfc.org/efin).

(2) Steinback, S., and A. Brinson. 2013. The economics of the recreational for-hire fishing industry in the northeast United States. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Northeast Fish. Sci. Cent. Ref. Doc. 13-03, 49 p. (online at https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/croVcrdl303/erdl303.pdl).

(3) Holland, S., C. Oh, S. l.arkin, and A. I lodges. 2012. The operations and economics of the forhire fishing fleets of the south Atlantic states and the Atlantic coast of Florida. Univ. Fla. contr. rep. prep, for NMFS Southeast Fish. Sei. Cent., Miami, Fla.

(4) Hospital, J., and C. Beavers. Hawaii charter fishing cost-earnings survey. 2012. Unptibl. rep., for Pac. lsl. Fish. Sci. Cent., Honolulu, I lawaii.

(5) Hanan, D., and Z. Hanan. 2012. West coast charier boat cost-earning pilot survey for FY 2011. Rep. submitted to NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., La Jolla, Calif.

(6) Hanan, D., Z. Hanan, and .1. Sweeney. 2014. California commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) cost-earnings survey for 2012. Rep. submitted to NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent., La Jolla, Calif.

(7) Mention oT trade names or commercial firms docs not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA.

(8) Average total calculations are the average of individual vessel totals summed over all categories and may not equal the sum of the average per category. This is due to the exclusion of missing values in the calculation of category averages, and the implicit impact of the missing values being treated as zeros in the calculation of individual vessel totals.

(9) The results of other issues are available upon request from the NMFS Southwest Fish. Sci. Cent.

(10) Leonard, Jerry. NMFS Northwest Fish. Sci. Cent., Seattle, Wash. Personal commun. 22 Feb. 2016.

(11) In the cost and earnings survey conducted in 2000, the strata included Northern and Southern California, and vessels were classified as small, medium, or large. Large vessels were defined as 50 ft or larger (15.24 m), similar to the current study's definition of large vessels. However, results were not aggregated across strata, so it is not possible to make a one-to-one comparison to the same categories as in the current study.

doi: https://doi.Org/10.7755/MFR.79.3-4.3

Table 1.--Surveys administered and completed by vessel size and
location.

Category        Total       Surveys       Completed   % complete
                no. of      administered  surveys     of total
                active                                businesses
                charter
                businesses

North large      19          18            17         89%
North small      77          18            16         21%
South large     108          65            55         51%
South small      60          22            15         25%
Total vessels   264         123           103         39%

Category        % complete of
                administered

North large     94%
North small     89%
South large     85%
South small     68%
Total vessels   84%

Table 2.--Characteristics of owners and vessels by size of vessel.

Variable                                 Small
                                     N   Mean     Std. dev.

Owner demographics
Years' experience in CPFV industry   31    22.1   16.6
% primary captain on any vessel      31    90.3%  30.1%
No. of vessels owned                 31     1.4    0.9
% of income from CPFV operations     26    23.1%  18.7%
Vessel characteristics
Gross tonnage                        30    14.2   11.7
Length (ft)                          31    33.7    8.4
Year built                           31  1987     14.5
Maximum crew                         30     1.9    0.9
Maximum no. of passengers            31    11.3   11.2
Maximum overnight passengers         11     5.7    3.8

Variable                                     Large            Diff (1)
                                     N    Mean     Std. dev.

Owner demographics
Years' experience in CPFV industry   72     38.7    12.0       (***)
% primary captain on any vessel      72     63.9%   48.4%      (***)
No. of vessels owned                 72      2.3     1.8       (***)
% of income from CPFV operations     47     49.0%   29.2%      (***)
Vessel characteristics
Gross tonnage                        72     58.0    25.5       (***)
Length (ft)                          72     65.0    13.2       (***)
Year built                           72   1973      13.4       (***)
Maximum crew                         72      3.6     3.6       (***)
Maximum no. of passengers            72     60.8    35.1       (***)
Maximum overnight passengers         36     30.5    14.7       (***)

Variable                                    Total
                                     N     Mean     Std. dev.

Owner demographics
Years' experience in CPFV industry   103     33.7    15.5
% primary captain on any vessel      103     71.8%   45.2%
No. of vessels owned                 103      2.0     1.6
% of income from CPFV operations      73     39.9%   28.7%
Vessel characteristics
Gross tonnage                        102     45.1    29.9
Length (ft)                          103     55.5    18.7
Year built                           103   1977      14.9
Maximum crew                         102      3.1     3.1
Maximum no. of passengers            103     45.9    37.6
Maximum overnight passengers          47     24.7    16.7

(1) Significance of difference between mean of small and large vessel:
*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, (***) p < 0.01.

Table 3.--Average revenues by vessel size.1

                                                 Small
Variable                                    N    Mean      Std. dev.

Ticket sales and related fees               31   $77,271   $118,520
Food and beverage sales                     31      $226     $1,257
Filet charges to vessel                     31       $97       $539
Souvenirs                                   31       $79       $366
CDFW angler license commissions             31      $261     $1,455
Average subtotal: Recreational fishing      31   $77,934   $118,567
Nonfishing recreation                       31    $3,117    $12,690
Commercial fishing                          31   $14,880    $59,339
Nonrecreational charter                     31      $232       $533
Lodging                                     31        $0         $0
Eguipment rental                            31        $0         $0
Average subtotal: Nonrecreational           31   $18,230    $59,951
fishing
Average total revenues                      31   $96,163   $132,519

                                             Large
Variable                                 N   Mean       Std. dev.  Diff

Ticket sales and related fees            72  $343,120   $320,629   (***)
Food and beverage sales                  72    $9,863    $23,994   (**)
Filet charges to vessel                  71      $371     $2,257
Souvenirs                                70      $127       $419
CDFW angler license commissions          71        $0         $0
Average subtotal: Recreational fishing   72  $353,472   $326,805   (***)
Nonfishing recreation                    70   $79,030   $156,384   (***)
Commercial fishing                       70    $3,645    $20,175
Nonrecreational charter                  68    $7,809    $26,451
Lodging                                  70        $0         $0
Eguipment rental                         70        $0         $0
Average subtotal: Nonrecreational        72   $87,753   $159,574   (***)
fishing
Average total revenues                   72  $441,225   $369,858   (***)

                                                   Total
Variable                                    N     Mean       Std. dev.

Ticket sales and related fees               103   $263,107   $301,173
Food and beverage sales                     103     $6,962    $20,517
Filet charges to vessel                     102       $287     $1,906
Souvenirs                                   101       $112       $402
CDFW angler license commissions             102        $79       $802
Average subtotal: Recreational fishing      103   $270,543   $307,582
Nonfishing recreation                       101    $55,730   $134,763
Commercial fishing                          101     $7,093    $36,936
Nonrecreational charter                      99     $5,437    $22,156
Lodging                                     101         $0         $0
Eguipment rental                            101         $0         $0
Average subtotal: Nonrecreational           103    $66,829   $140,744
fishing
Average total revenues                      103   $337,371   $354,515

(1) Average subtotal and total calculations are the average of
individual vessel totals summed over all categories and may not equal
the sum of the average per category. This is due to the exclusion of
missing values in the calculation of category averages, and the
implicit impact of the missing values being treated as zeros in the
calculation of individual vessel totals.
(2) Significance of difference between mean of small and large vessel:
*p < 0.1, (*) p < 0.05, (***) p < 0.01.

Table 4.--Average expenditures and net revenue by vessel size. (1)

                                             Small
Variable                                N    Mean      Std. dev.

Payroll for skipper and crew            31   $10,677    $11,383
Vessel fuel costs                       31   $17,520    $37,540
Bait costs                              30    $3,910     $5,987
Booking fees                            31    $6,292    $13,463
Equipment purchases, repair
  and maintenance                       31    $8,369    $13,442
Food and drink costs                    31      $427     $1,282
Moorage                                 31    $4,613     $4,076
Foreign taxes, gov't, fees, and
  fishing licenses                      31      $185       $604
Annual principal payment                30      $299       $932
on vessels
U.S. taxes, gov't, fees,                30    $3,406     $4,778
and vessel permits
Haul out costs                          29      $648     $1,397
Annual interest payment on vessels      30      $128       $479
Industry association fees/memberships   30      $334       $577
Ice {purchased dockside)                31      $262       $562
    Average subtotal: Vessel            31   $56,768    $56,291
    expenditures
Payroll of nonvessel personnel          31    $1,048     $3,535
Insurance                               31    $4,872     $6,100
Rent paid on office space               30    $2,668     $4,610
used for business
Advertising services or charges         31    $2,808     $4,059
Professional services (legal,           31    $1,102     $2,276
accounting, etc.)
Telephone and other                     31    $2,320     $4,289
communications
Lease or loan payments
for business
  motor vehicles                        31      $368       $881
    Average subtotal: Business          31   $15,099    $16,046
    expenditures
Average total expenditures              31   $71,866    $62,986
Average vessel net revenue              31   $24,297   $134,123

                                           Large
Variable                               N   Mean      Std. dev.  Diff (2)

Payroll for skipper and crew           70   $94,939   $82,432   (***)
Vessel fuel costs                      68   $86,790  $106,489   (***)
Bait costs                             72   $34,047   $27,745   (***)
Booking fees                           72   $27,915   $27,175   (***)
Equipment purchases, repair
  and maintenance                      72   $25,487   $22,650   (***)
Food and drink costs                   67   $21,972   $44,701   (***)
Moorage                                71   $13,241   $16,487   (***)
Foreign taxes, gov't, fees, and
  fishing licenses                     71    $7,207   $18,388   (**)
Annual principal payment               68    $6,542   $15,194   (**)
on vessels
U.S. taxes, gov't, fees,               72    $4,969    $9,268
and vessel permits
Haul out costs                         68    $5,697    $7,823   (***)
Annual interest payment on vessels     67    $3,251    $8,439   (**)
Industry association fees/memberships  71    $2,692    $3,113   (***)
Ice {purchased dockside)               71      $348      $799
    Average subtotal: Vessel           72  $324,880  $293,795   (***)
    expenditures
Payroll of nonvessel personnel         71   $17,527   $27,378   (***)
Insurance                              72   $14,380    $7,167   (***)
Rent paid on office space              69   $13,187   $27,100   (**)
used for business
Advertising services or charges        71    $9,584   $12,688   (***)
Professional services (legal,          72    $6,016    $7,611   (***)
accounting, etc.)
Telephone and other                    71    $4,001    $4,628   (*)
communications
Lease or loan payments
for business
  motor vehicles                       71    $3,003   $10,472
    Average subtotal: Business         72   $66,675   $67,346   (***)
    expenditures
Average total expenditures             72  $391,555  $330,477   (***)
Average vessel net revenue             72   $49,670  $200,463

                                               Total
Variable                                N     Mean       Std. dev.

Payroll for skipper and crew            101    $69,076    $79,076
Vessel fuel costs                        99    $65,100    $96,056
Bait costs                              102    $25,183    $27,237
Booking fees                            103    $21,407    $25,821
Equipment purchases, repair
  and maintenance                       103    $20,335    $21,737
Food and drink costs                     98    $15,157    $38,230
Moorage                                 102    $10,619    $14,465
Foreign taxes, gov't, fees, and
  fishing licenses                      102     $5,073    $15,652
Annual principal payment                 98     $4,631    $12,965
on vessels
U.S. taxes, gov't, fees,                102     $4,509     $8,213
and vessel permits
Haul out costs                           97     $4,188     $6,978
Annual interest payment on vessels       97     $2,285     $7,151
Industry association fees/memberships   101     $1,992     $2,838
Ice {purchased dockside)                102       $322       $733
    Average subtotal: Vessel            103   $244,186   $276,200
    expenditures
Payroll of nonvessel personnel          102    $12,519    $24,109
Insurance                               103    $11,518     $8,118
Rent paid on office space                99    $10,000    $23,227
used for business
Advertising services or charges         102     $7,525    $11,238
Professional services (legal,           103     $4,537     $6,854
accounting, etc.)
Telephone and other                     102     $3,490     $4,573
communications
Lease or loan payments
for business
  motor vehicles                        102     $2,202     $8,816
    Average subtotal: Business          103    $51,152    $61,626
    expenditures
Average total expenditures              103   $295,338   $314,486
Average vessel net revenue              103    $42,033   $182,757

(1) Average subtotal and total calculations are the average of
individual vessel totals summed over all categories and may not equal
the sum of the average per category. This is due to the exclusion of
missing values in the calculation of category averages, and the
implicit impact of the missing values being treated as zeros in the
calculation of individual vessel totals.
(2) Significance of difference between mean of small and large vessel:
* p < 0.1, (**) p < 0.05, (***) p < 0.01.

Table 5.--Average vessel and trip characteristics by trip length and
vessel size. (1)

Variable                                     Small
                                        N    Mean    Std. dev.

Annual angler days-partial day          14   260     277
Annual angler days-full day             23   572     801
Annual angler days-overnight             3   -       -
Annual angler days-long distance         0   n/a     n/a
% of angler days-partial day            14    69%     36%
% of angler days-full day               23    76%     35%
% of angler days-overnight               3   -       -
% of angler days-long distance           0   n/a     n/a
Length of trip in hours-partial day     14     4.9     1.0
Length of trip in hours-full day        23     8.8     1.5
Length of trip in hours-overnight (3)    3   -       -
Length of trip in hour-long distance     0   n/a     n/a

Variable                                     Large              Diff (2)
                                        N    Mean    Std. dev.

Annual angler days-partial day          28   5,369   6,133      (***)
Annual angler days-full day             43   2,800   2,195      (***)
Annual angler days-overnight            22   1,254   1,518      -
Annual angler days-long distance        16   3,197   2,350      n/a
% of angler days-partial day            28      57%     32%
% of angler days-full day               43      67%     34%
% of angler days-overnight              22      52%     44%     -
% of angler days-long distance          16      79%     30%,    n/a
Length of trip in hours-partial day     28       6.0     1.5    (**)
Length of trip in hours-full day        43      10.3     1.8    (***)
Length of trip in hours-overnight (3)   22      24.0     6.5    -
Length of trip in hour-long distance    16     102      54      n/a

Variable                                     Total
                                        N    Mean      Std. dev.

Annual angler days-partial day          42   3,666     5,544
Annual angler days-full day             66   2,024     2,115
Annual angler days-overnight            25   -         -
Annual angler days-long distance        16   3,197     2,350
% of angler days-partial day            42      61%,      33%
% of angler days-full day               65      70%       35%
% of angler days-overnight              25   -         -
% of angler days-long distance          16      79%       30%
Length of trip in hours-partial day     42      56          1.4
Length of trip in hours-full day        66       9.8        1.8
Length of trip in hours-overnight (3)   25   -         -
Length of trip in hour-long distance    16     102         54

(1) Average statistics are conditional on the vessel providing the
respective trip length. Zero values are excluded from calculations.
(2) Significance of difference between mean of small and large vessel:
* p < 0.1, (**) p < 0.05, (***) p < 0.01.
(3) Averages not shown to maintain confidentiality when three or fewer
responses are provided.

Table 6.--Factors affecting CPFV businesses and the industry.

                                      Percentage of owners answering
                                     Very          Somewhat      Neutral
Item                                 challenging   challenging

Small vessel
    Fishery regulations              65%           13%           13%
    (including MPA's)
    Non-fishery gov't, regulations   26%           35%           35%
    Environmental conditions         35%           39%           23%
    Ocean and fish                   39 %          23%           10%
    stock health
Large vessel
    Fishery regulations (including   73%           17%            6%
    MPA's)
    Non-fishery gov't,               39%           42%,          15%
    regulations
    Environmental conditions         37%           28%           34%
    Ocean and fish                   21%           29%           18%
    stock health
Total
    Fishery regulations (including   71%           16%            8%
    MPA's)
    Non-fishery gov't, regulations   35%           40%           21%
    Environmental conditions         36%           31%           30%
    Ocean and fish                   26%           27%           15%
    stock health

                                      Percentage of owners answering
                                     Somewhat    Very        N
Item                                 favorable   favorable

Small vessel
    Fishery regulations               3%          6%          31
    (including MPA's)
    Non-fishery gov't, regulations    3%          0%          31
    Environmental conditions          3%          0%          31
    Ocean and fish                   19%         10%          31
    stock health
Large vessel
    Fishery regulations (including    4%          0%          71
    MPA's)
    Non-fishery gov't,                4%          0%          72
    regulations
    Environmental conditions          1%          0%          71
    Ocean and fish                   12%         21%          68
    stock health
Total
    Fishery regulations (including    4%          2%         102
    MPA's)
    Non-fishery gov't, regulations    4%          0%         103
    Environmental conditions          2%          0%         102
    Ocean and fish                   14%         17%          99
    stock health