1. Introduction

Solid carbide cutting tools are of great importance in manufacturing technology. The combination of hard carbide particles and a tough metallic binder creates a perfect cutting material with high wear resistance and fractural toughness. Carbide cutting tools can be used for roughing and finishing operations in the machining of metal alloys. The required geometry of a cutting tool is obtained using the grinding process. The quality of its cutting edge is also affected by grinding. The grinding process and the resulting surface are affected by the grain size of the cemented carbide. It was found that cemented carbides with submicron grain size have a higher surface strength after ultra-precision grinding than carbides with micron grain size. This is due to the higher compressive residual stress of the ground submicron-structured carbides [1].

High-strength material such as Inconel 718 is characterized by excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures and is used for heat stressed components in the aerospace, automotive and nuclear industries, and others. However, it is also characterized by its poor machinability. A cutting tool is negatively affected by the high resistance of the material and deformation hardening during the cutting process [2, 3]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new cutting tools for effective machining of Inconel 718. Cutting efficiency and cutting tool life are affected by the cutting tool material, geometry, micro-geometry, coating and the cutting process [10].

Machining of Inconel 718 has been the subject of many studies. In [4], the important role played by the cutting temperature was determined during high speed machining of Inconel 718. A comparative study of the influence of the type of coating on tool wear in the micro milling of Inconel 718 is described in [3], where several coating materials were used. The flank wear during the cutting process mostly occurred on the cutting edge. Some local fractures on the cutting edge occurred due to fatigue and built-up edge formation [3]. Uncoated cutting tools can achieve better results at lower cutting speeds than PVD coated tools. This was investigated in [7], where the uncoated tool performed better than coated tools at a cutting speed of 25 m/min. The chipping resistance of the uncoated tool was increased by the radius on the cutting edge which gave additional mechanical strength. However, increasing the cutting speed up to 50 m/min brings worse performance of the uncoated tool than PVD-coated tools. This was due to high wear resistance and the low thermal conductivity of the TiN coating [7]. Influence of different thin layers on the machining of Inconel 718 is described in [9].

Chipping and breakage of the cutting edge are the most common causes of cutting tool failure. It was found that increasing the cutting speed leads to reduction of the cutting force due to softening of the work material. This improves the cutting tool life. However, it depends on the type of milling operation. For example, when the cutting speed is further increased during slot milling, chips are welded on the sides of the slot and this slows the chip flow. on the other hand, cutting speed plays a less important role in side milling, where the chip flow is better [4]. Research [5] shows optimization of the cutting process by changing the cutting edge radius. An appropriate choice of carbide grade with a combination of cutting edge preparation also has an effect on the resulting cutting tool life [2]. The different wear behaviour of up and down milling is described in [6]. It was found that tool flank wear propagation in the up-milling operation was more rapid than for the down-milling operation [6]. The chip formation was also different for up and down milling, where up-milling produced a segmented chip and down-milling produced a discontinuous serrated chip [6].

This paper is focused on the experimental cutting testing of several cutting tools with different cutting edge qualities. The different cutting tool qualities were obtained by different grinding conditions and strategies during the grinding of the primary radial relief. The cutting edges were analysed on an electron microscope after grinding to detect the cutting edge quality. The importance of correct measurement is described in [8], where three measuring methods are suggested. The machining experiment was performed using Inconel 718. Cutting tools were tested without any cutting edge preparation and without coatings in the cutting process of Inconel 718. Flank wear was measured during cutting tests of end-mills on an optical microscope. Cutting forces were measured and analysed during milling of Inconel 718. The influence of the cutting edge quality on the cutting force during the impact was determined.

2. The experiment and discussion

Several carbide end-mills were produced using grinding with different grinding conditions. Table 2 shows all the cutting tools and grinding conditions. The same carbide grade was used for all the cutting tools. This carbide grade is produced by standard suppliers and is suitable for the production of precision cutting tools for turning, drilling and milling. The carbide grade is specified in Table 1. Cutting edges were analysed before the cutting test using an electron microscope.

It was found that conditions and the strategy during grinding of the primary radial relief affects the quality of the cutting edge. A high quality cutting edge was achieved using lower feed rates vfg. A little chipping of the cutting edge occurred when the feed rate increased up to 260 mm/min, but there was no significant change. However, a significant change occurred when the spin direction of the grinding wheel was changed from CCW (counter clockwise) to CW (clockwise). Chipping of the cutting edge occurred even at a low feed rate and it was more significant as the feed rate increased (Fig. 1).

All the milling tools were used in the milling test under constant cutting conditions (Table 3). These cutting conditions were determined by previous experiments of cutting Inconel 718 alloy. Because of the high heat generation during the machining of Inconel 718, external coolant was used. Cutting tools were used right after grinding, so there was no edge preparation or coating of the tools. The aim of the experiment was to determine the influence of the cutting edge quality obtained by grinding on cutting tool life. Machining was carried out on Inconel 718 which was clamped onto a KISTLER 9225A dynamometer.

The strategy of side milling was used for the milling test. Down milling was used to increase the stability of the cutting process. Cutting forces were measured during the milling process at the beginning and at the end of the cutting tool life of each tool. The machining strategy and the directions of the components of the cutting forces are shown in Fig. 2a). The cutting tool life was determined based on the critical flank wear VBcrit on the cutting edge. The flank wear was measured on each cutting edge of each tool and the critical value of the flank wear VBcrit was set to 150 gm. A Multicheck PC500 optical microscope was used for measurements. The measurement site was 2 mm from the cutting tool face as seen in Fig. 2b).

In Fig. 4 the results of the cutting test in terms of the cutting tool life are shown. It can be seen that cutting tools ground using CCW strategy T2, T8 and T9 achieve the best results with a durability of 11.7 min. The same durability was achieved by tool T13 which was ground using the CW strategy. The lowest tool life was reached by tools T5 (CCW strategy), T10 and T11 (CW strategy) with a durability of 9.1 min. It seems that the difference in cutting tool life is not significant for tools which were ground at feed rates ranging from 20 to 200 mm/min. However, increasing the grinding feed rate to above 200 mm/min shows better results than at lower grinding feed rates. The strategy of the clockwise grinding (CW) of radial relief at lower feed rate (20 to 80 mm/min) achieved a worse tool life in the cutting test. As in the case of CCW grinding, it seems that the durability of tools ground by the CW strategy increases with grinding feed rate.

Cutting forces were measured while machining Inconel 718. Measuring was carried out always during the first cut when the wear mechanism started and during the last cut when the flank wear reached the critical value VBcrit. The dominant component of the cutting force was the y-component Fy. Fig. 5 shows a summary of cutting forces Fy during the first (Fy00) and the last (Fy150) cut of each tool. All the cutting tools show a very similar Fy 150 of about 350 N when reaching VBcrit. This is caused by the changing of the cutting edge geometry due to the similar wear mechanism for all the tools. However, some differences between CW and CCW relief grinding strategies can be seen during the first cut. The cutting tools where the CW strategy was used reached higher values of Fy00 than cutting tools with a CCW strategy (Fig. 5).

There is also seen a difference in the force during the first impact into the material (Fig. 6). It is assumed that this impact force is due to the different quality of the cutting edge after grinding. Cutting tools ground using a CCW strategy are characterized by a sharp cutting edge which can more easily penetrate the material due to less cutting resistance. Cutting tools ground using a CW strategy are characterized by the chipping formed on the cutting edge which increases the cutting resistance. The chipping is more significant when the grinding feed rate increases.

3. Conclusions

Experimental milling of Inconel 718 was carried out with all cutting tools. The main aim was to determine the influence of the cutting edge quality obtained by grinding on the cutting force and cutting tool life. All cutting tools were without coating or any after-grinding edge preparation. It was found that cutting tools grinded by CCW strategy at the higher feed rate (230 to 260 mm/min) achieve slightly higher durability despite the worse quality of the cutting edge. The same effect occurred for tools grinded by CW strategy. Difference in the impact cutting force was found between CCW and CW strategy. Tools grinded by CW strategy achieved higher force Fy00 during the first impact into the material. The best results in terms of cutting tool life achieved tools T2, T8, T9, T13 with durability of 11.7 min. The worst results were achieved by tools T5, T10, T11 whit durability 9.1 min. This experiment showed that different quality of the cutting edge after grinding has a little effect on the cutting tool life and that the worse quality of the cutting edge can achieve the same or the better results when the cutting tool without coating is used. However the worse cutting edge quality showed the higher impact force which affects the stability of the cutting process. The worse quality of the cutting edge would also affect the adhesion of the thin layer adversely when the coating is used. The results of this experiment will be used for further study where this influence on the coating will be investigated.

DOI: 10.2507/27th.daaam.proceedings.065

4. Acknowledgments

The present contribution has been prepared under project LO1502 'Development of the Regional Technological Institute' under the auspices of the National Sustainability Programme I of the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic aimed at supporting research, experimental development and innovation.

5. References

[1] Yin, L.; Spowage, A. C.; Ramesh, K.; Huang, H..; Pickering, J. P. & Vancoille, E. Y. J. (2004). Influence of microstructure on ultraprecision grinding of cemented carbides. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol. 44, pp. 533-543, ISSN: 0890-6955, Elsevier.

[2] Baksa, T.; Moravek, M. & Zetek, M. (2016). Influence of the coated carbide grade on the cutting tool life when machining Inconel 718. Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 674, pp. 271-276, ISSN: 1662-9795, TTP.

[3] Ucun, I.; Aslantas, K. & Bedir, F. (2013). An experimental investigation of the effect of coating material on tool wear in micro milling of Inconel 718 super alloy. Wear, Vol. 300, pp. 8-19, ISSN: 0043-1648, Elsevier.

[4] Liao, Y. S.; Lin, H. M. & Wang, J. H. (2008). Behaviors of end milling Inconel 718 superalloy by cemented carbide tools. Journal of Material Processing Technology, Vol. 201, pp. 460-465, ISSN: 0924-0136, Elsevier.

[5] Zetek, M.; Cesakova, I. & Svarc, V. (2014). Increasing Cutting Tool Life when Machining Inconel 718. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 69, pp 1115-1124, ISSN: 1877-7058, Elsevier.

[6] Hadi, M. A.; Ghani, J. A.; Che Haron, C. H. & Kasim, M. S. (2013). Comparison between up-milling and down-milling operations on tool wear in milling Inconel 718. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 68, pp. 647-653, ISSN: 1877-7058, Elsevier.

[7] Jawaid, A.; Koksal, S. & Sharif, S. (2001). Cutting performance and wear characteristics of PVD coated and uncoated carbide tools in face milling Inconel 718 aerospace alloy. Journal of Material Processing Technology, Vol. 116, pp. 2-9, ISSN: 0924-0136, Elsevier.

[8] Cesakova, I.; Zetek, M. & Svarc, V. (2014). Evaluation of Cutting Tool Parameters. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 69, pp 1105-1114, ISSN: 1877-7058, Elsevier.

[9] Schornik, V.; Zetek, M. & Baksa, T. (2015). Durability of the cutting tool with different thin layers when Inconel 718 is machined. Proceedings of the 26th DAAAM International Symposium, pp.0678- 0682, B. Katalinic (Ed.), Published by DAAAM International, ISBN 978-3-902734-07-5, ISSN 1726-9679, Vienna, Austria.

[10] Schornik, V.; Zetek, M. & Dana, M. (2014). The influence of working environment and cutting conditions on milling nickel-based super alloys with carbide tools. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 100, pp 1262-1269, ISSN: 1877-7058, Elsevier.

This Publication has to be referred as: Baksa, T[omas]; Schornik, V[aclav]; Adamek, P[avel] & Zetek, M[iroslav] (2016). Machining of Inconel 718 Using Uncoated Cutting Tools With Different Cutting Edge Quality, Proceedings of the 27th DAAAM International Symposium, pp.0441-0446, B. Katalinic (Ed.), Published by DAAAM International, ISBN 978-3-902734-08-2, ISSN 1726-9679, Vienna, Austria

Caption: Fig. 1. Cutting edge after grinding

Caption: Fig. 2. Cutting strategy (a) and measurement area (b)

Caption: Fig. 3. Sharp cutting edge (a) and worn cutting edge (b)

Caption: Fig. 5. Cutting force [F.sub.y] at the beginning and at the end of the tool life

Caption: Fig. 6. The impact force [F.sub.y] of tool T1 (a) and T12 (b)

Table 1. Specification of the carbide grade

 Grain size    WC [%]   Co [%]      Density        Hardness
                                 [g/[cm.sup.3]]       HRA

 Sub-micron      90       10          14.35           91.8

 Grain size     Hardness     TRS
                  HV30      [Mpa]

 Sub-micron       1580      3800

Table 2. Cutting tools and grinding conditions

        Wheel speed [v.sub.cg] = 20 m/s

Tool    Feed rate [v.sub.fg]    Wheel spin
              [mm/min]           direction

 T1              20                 CCW
 T2              50                 CCW
 T3              80                 CCW
 T4             110                 CCW
 T5             140                 CCW
 T6             170                 CCW
 T7             200                 CCW
 T8             230                 CCW
 T9             260                 CCW
T10              20                 CW
T11              80                 CW
T12             170                 CW
T13             260                 CW

Table 3. Cutting conditions

 Cutting speed vc    Feed speed vf     Axial depth
     [m/min]            [mm/min]      of cut ap [mm]

        35                111                3

 Cutting speed vc     Radial depth          Cutting
     [m/min]         of cut ae [mm]       environment

        35                 0.5          External cooling

Fig. 4. Cutting tool life

Cutting tool life

Cutting    Tool life
tools        [min]

T1           10.4
T2           11.7
T3           10.4
T4           10.4
T5            9.1
T6           10.4
T7           10.4
T8           11.7
T9           11.7
T10           9.1
T11           9.1
T12          10.4
T13          11.7

Note: Table made from bar graph.