Raniniyavyakaranodaharanakosah; La grammaire panineenne par ses exemples; Paninian Grammar through Its Examples, vol. IV1-2: Taddhitaprakaranam; Le livre des formes derives secondaires; The Book of Secondary Derivatives. By F. GRIMAL, V. VENKATARAJA SARMA, and S. LAKSHMINARASIMHAM. Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Series, vols. 302, 303; Collection indologie vol. 93.4.1, 2. Tirupati: RASHTRIYA SANSKRIT VIDYAPEETHA; Pondiche'ry: ECOLE FRANQAISE D'EXTREME-ORIENT; INSTITUTE FRANCAISE DE PONDICHERY, 2015. Pp. xvi + 1397. Rs. 570 per vol.

As I pointed out in my review of volumes I--II and III.2 of Paninian Grammar through Its Examples (JAOS 129.4 [2009]: 715-19; JAOS 131.4 [2011]: 663-65), the volumes of this work provide valuable lexical access to the sophisticated linguistic analysis undertaken by the Indian grammatical tradition. These volumes thereby complement works dealing with Paninian grammar systematically, and translations and commentaries of grammatical texts in the extensive Indian linguistic tradition. Paninian Grammar through Its Examples serves as a lexical resource by providing semantic and cultural information embedded in the derivation of words in the Paninian grammatical system while it serves as a research aid and educational resource by providing examples of how the Paninian derivational system works. A collaboration of French and Indian scholars, these volumes transmit traditional learning in an accessible form.

The work under review constitutes the two parts of the fourth volume in the series of nine planned volumes of Paninian Grammar through Its Examples. Volume IV deals with the derivation of secondary nominal derivates treated in the second quarter of Bhattojidiksita's Siddhdntakaumudl in the Taddhitadhikara-prakarana (prakaranas 26-41; sutras 1072-2138). These sections concern the formation of patronymics, terms for items dyed, for times associated with certain constellations or full-moon days, for Vedic hymns, for chariots covered with certain fabrics, for food preparations, for left-over food, for a vow to sleep on the bare ground, for offerings to certain deities, for various groups of animals, for places according to who built it, who dwells there, or what is nearby, for battles, for scholars according to what they study, for objects made or acquired in a certain place, for what something consists of, for abstract properties, and for just about anything related to something else.

The present volumes include 3,022 examples found under 1,067 sutras in Bhattojidiksita's Siddhantakaumudi and in Patanjali's Mahabhasya, Jayaditya and Vamana's Kdsika, and Purusottamadeva's Bhasdvrtti. As in previous volumes, entries are composed primarily in Sanskrit in Devanagari script, and headwords, usually consisting in this volume of the nominative singular of a derivate but possibly the plural, a verb form, or a phrase, are listed in Sanskrit alphabetic order (pp. 1-1244). Each entry provides references to the commentaries where the example is found, an analytic paraphrase in Sanskrit with translations in French and English, a step-by-step derivation of the form, and explanatory notes in Sanskrit.

The volume has six indices. A sutra index (pp. 1247-79) lists under each of the 1067 sutras in the sections included in the volumes the examples in the derivation of which the rule provides a step. There is a similar index of varttikas, ganasutras, and paribhasas referenced in the derivations and notes (pp. 1281-99). An alphabetical index of affixes lists the semantic conditions under which the affix is provided and the sutras that provide it (pp. 1301-44), and an alphabetical index of technical terms (pp. 1345-56) refers under each entry to the sutras that deal with that term. Finally there are two alphabetical indices of examples, one (pp. 1357-65) with examples classified by section (prakarana) and one (pp. 1367-97) with examples not derived pointing to similar examples that are. The first volume contains a two-page foreword in English by Sripada Satyanarayana Murthy, vice-chancellor of the Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha in Tirupati, an introduction paralleled in three languages: Sanskrit (pp. i-iii), French (pp. v-viii), and English (pp. ix-xii), and a table of correspondence between sutra numbers in the Siddhantakaumudi and the Astddhyayi (pp. xiii-xvi).

Sanskrit has an exceedingly rich derivational morphology that is described in detail by the Taddhita section of Paninian grammar. The examples given in this section therefore constitute an extended vocabulary of Sanskrit inadequately described in available dictionaries. The translations and derivations provided by these volumes of the Dictionary of Examples are therefore invaluable. For example, the word avarina is defined by Monier Williams (p. 107 a) as "deriv. fr. avara" which is defined as 'this side', and is supplied with references to A. 4.2.93 and A. 5.2.11. Apte (p. 263b) defines the word 'crossing a river'. The Dictionary of Examples explains two more specific senses in which this word occurs as provided by these rules: 'born on this side', and 'who goes to this side'. Take another random example. While Monier Williams (503a) defines the word draunika as a neuter noun meaning 'a field sown with a drona of grain', and gives the feminine in i, he provides no additional sense. The Dictionary of Examples gives two additional specific senses: 'a woman or vessel cooking (something equal to the measure of) one drona'. The derivations provide the exact details of the semantic conditions under which the affixes are provided to the base and the morphophonemic changes required.

As I remarked in a previous review, Paninian Grammar through Its Examples is the most comprehensive and systematic work yet to provide a thorough explanation of examples in Paninian texts. Each entry stands on its own with a systematic derivation and prose description without undue reliance on cross reference. Effort has been made in these volumes to avoid too much repetition by pointing to the similar derivations where steps of derivation repeat. It is hoped that the authors continue the monumental plan of their extremely valuable work.

PETER M. SCHARF THE SANSKRIT LIBRARY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD