期刊名称：International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
电子版ISSN：2146-4553
出版年度：2019
卷号：9
期号：3
页码：87-105
DOI：10.32479/ijeep.7643
出版社：EconJournals
摘要：The main objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between energy consumption, carbon emission and economic growth in the case of Indonesia and Malaysia at the level aggregate and disaggregate. For the model of aggregate energy consumption, this study employ total energy consumption per capita and CO 2 emission per capita based on the total of energy consumption. Meanwhile, the disaggregate models use derivatives of variable energy consumption that are oil, coal and gas. Some methodologies of econometrics such as unit root, cointegration, granger causality and error correction model has been employed in this study. The result of unit root test shows that all variables are stationer at first difference and shows the existence of cointegration between the variables. The short and long-run relationship displays that in the both countries, the consumption of all energy source produce CO 2 emission and also the increasing of income leads the increasing of CO 2 emission. Moreover, gas is less polluting compared with other energy source like oil and coal. In addition, there is a negative relationship between income and carbon emission which means that the carbon emission can be reduced while the income keep growing if both countries use gas as their main energy sources.
其他摘要：This paper attempts to estimate the relationship between oil prices and financial stress using weekly data for the period December 31, 1993 to July 15, 2016. The analysis is carried out using the cointegration framework. Both the linear and non-linear models for cointegration and related error correction models are estimated. The paper finds the threshold cointegration model more suitable than the linear cointegration models. It finds evidence of asymmetry in the adjustment process to equilibrium. It also finds that regimes with negative (below the threshold) changes of deviations adjust much faster than regimes with positive (above the threshold) changes of deviations, especially during a crisis period. Also, bi-direction causality is reported between the two variables. Keywords : Threshold cointegration, asymmetric adjustment, asymmetric error correction, financial stress, oil prices, financial crisis.
