其他摘要：Communication between two persons who speak different languages cannot be achieved without intermediation provided by a bilingual third party, except when either one or both of the parties are bilingual themselves and share a common language. Two kinds of intermediation exist - interpretation and translation. Interpretation, being practical, comes into existence almost immediately two different groups of people make contact, while translation, being a more sophisticated intellectual undertaking, does not necessarily stem from such contacts. Systematic and significant undertakings of translation can be observed only when and where a race/ nation has turned out to be active in its intellectual activities and maintained a progressive attitude towards learning from the outside. The general course of development in interlanguage communication is surveyed by the author in this paper. In particular, the author tries to describe how initial contact led to the birth of interpreters and, as a next step, to translators. An examination of the historical experience of translation in the mediaeval age, at the dawn of modernization, and in the contemporary world follows. Finally, the author proposes three models of nations : (1) isolated, (2) internationalized, and (3) culturally dependent, and analyses the state of international communication in each model and its cultural implications.
