摘要：Variable renewable electricity (VRE) will play an important role in future energy systems, but additional flexibility measures will be needed to integrate large-scale VRE into energy systems. Here we investigate the effectiveness of different flexibility options to integrate wind power, using the Finnish energy system as a case. The main flexibility options considered are sector-coupling such as power-to-heat and power-to-gas, energy storages, and electric vehicles. The results indicate that the share of wind power could be increased up to one third of all electricity, limited by the cross-border transmission capacity and the high share of nuclear power in the Finnish case, while simultaneously decreasing annual system costs and carbon emissions. Power-to-heat and wind power curtailment were the most cost-effective flexibility options. Furthermore, combined heat and power (CHP) and nuclear power could form a barrier to cost-effective wind power integration, suggesting that viewing the energy system as a whole provides valuable insight for wind power integration.
关键词：Wind power integration ; Energy system flexibility ; Energy system modelling ; Finland
