摘要：In this paper, we examine similarities between Sigmund Freud’s
tripartite theory of personality to foundational works across various
religious and philosophical movements. First, conceptual
similarities to the id, ego, and superego are illustrated through
scriptural verses and commentators of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam. Next, elements of the tripartite theory in the Eastern
religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism are explored.
Finally, this Freudian theory is viewed in relationship to various
philosophical works from Ancient Greece to modern day. We
suggest these earlier tripartite approaches emanating from diverse
religious and philosophical movements emerge as a broader
universal understanding of man from which Freud could have
profited in developing one of his most seminal theories.
