标题：Special Issue: Early Personal Ornaments --- Upper Paleolithic Explorers: The Geographic Sources of Shell Beads in Early Upper Paleolithic Assemblages in Israel
摘要：The Upper Paleolithic occupation levels of Kebara and Manot caves (Mt. Carmel and Western Galilee, respectively,
both in Israel) contain both Ahmarian and Aurignacian cultural remains, the former being a locally developed
culture, and the latter an intrusion from Europe. The molluscan assemblages from the two sites contain both local
and foreign elements. The local elements are mostly beads made of Columbella rustica and Tritia gibbosula shells. A
comparison of Upper Paleolithic shell bead assemblages of Levantine sites to Aurignacian assemblages in Europe
suggests that while most of the shells are Mediterranean species, it is nonetheless possible to distinguish between
the local Ahmarian traditions in personal ornaments, and those which were brought or influenced by the Aurignacian
traditions. Specifically, a few shell beads such as Tritia mutabilis and Ocinebrina edwardsii, might have been
imported from sites in Western Europe, and likewise the scaphopods seem to be present as a result of Aurignacian
influences (either brought from Europe or collected along the Levant coast). Furthermore, in a few cases shells
were originally collected in distant locations. One Euplica festiva, from the Red Sea Shore found at Kebara Cave
may have been collected by Ahmarians and exchanged with Aurignacians. Two others are fossil shells from the
Jordan Valley, which were found at both Kebara and Manot. These finds testify to possible connections between
Aurignacians and their Ahmarian neighbors, as well as to the explorative nature of these populations.
This special issue is guest-edited by Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer (Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and
Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) and Marjolein D. Bosch (McDonald Institute for Archaeological
Research, University of Cambridge). This is article #6 of 12.
