摘要：Self-reported wellbeing measures have been widely used in cross-country studies. However, there are concerns about
the sensitivity of these measures to country-specific factors that affect the interpretation of questions and scales
without affecting wellbeing itself. Using a novel database on international grading systems, we find evidence that
differences in numerical grading systems affect self-reported wellbeing. In particular, countries with a higher threshold
for passing grades tend to report higher levels of life satisfaction. Since grading systems are unlikely to affect wellbeing
itself, we conclude that grading systems affect the interpretation of scales--probably by providing reference points that
anchor individuals' responses.
