摘要：This paper empirically investigates the impact of port competition on trade developments. The integration of portcompetitive
environment in an original gravity model shows that: (i) a one-standard-deviation rise in port concentration
leads to a reduction in bilateral trade by at least 7%; (ii) the trade-creation effect from port competition is greater on
the export side than on the import side; and (iii) the effect on trade is higher when port competition intensity is
measured at regional or global levels (more than 300 km) rather than at a local level.
