摘要：Grounded in family systems theory, this prospective longitudinal study explores the effects of characteristics of the family system in which an adolescent develops on later midlife well-being and adult-child– elder-parent relationships in Japan and the United States. Structured home interviews were held in the 1970s with 99 middle-class U.S. families with adolescents; an equivalent interview was conducted in the 1980s with 59 comparable Japanese families. Family members discussed differences of opinion on a family environment scale; family system variables related to connection and individuation processes were coded from these taped family discussions. Twenty-five years after the home interviews, telephone interviews were conducted in the United States with 67 elder mothers, 59 elder fathers, 126 then-midlife daughters and 61 midlife sons. In Japan follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with 22 elder mothers, 20 elder fathers, 26 midlife daughters, and 21 midlife sons. The results support the importance of family experience during adolescence for well-being in adulthood across cultures.
关键词：metacognitive knowledge; learning strategies; judgments of learning; the delayed JOL effect; metacognition
