标题：Women’s involvement in economic opportunities in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Indonesia: Examining personal experiences and potential for empowerment
期刊名称：Development Studies Research: An Open Access Journal
电子版ISSN：2166-5095
出版年度：2019
卷号：6
期号：1
页码：1-17
DOI：10.1080/21665095.2019.1604149
出版社：Taylor and Francis Ltd
摘要：The involvement of women in economic activity in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in
Indonesia is increasing, and yet this is the first study to examine empowerment in this context.
This qualitative study explored the experiences of 18 women business owners, mobilizers, and
public sector employees in WASH-related activities. The women were observed to have strong
social motivations, and only those responsibile for household income expressed economic
motivations. Women’s experiences were analyzed against four dimensions of empowerment:
‘power within,’ ‘power to,’ ‘power over,’ and ‘power with.’ Significant evidence of empowerment
was found, and in some cases, economic empowerment. Equally, the complexity of the
empowerment process as well as challenges, contradictions, and negotiations were observed.
Evidence of self-belief and recognition that women had capabilities equal to men was tempered
by adherence to gender norms concerning men’s roles in technical matters and decisionmaking.
While some women experienced support from close family relatives, others were limited
by household duties, restricted mobility, and limited financial independence. Based on the
results, the WASH programs and policies promoting involvement in economic activities need
more nuanced consideration of women’s empowerment, and to develop multi-pronged
strategies that can support women in negotiating pathways towards greater gender equality.
关键词：Women’s empowerment ; women’s entrepreneurship ; water ; sanitation and hygiene sector ; Indonesia
