期刊名称：Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business
印刷版ISSN：1804-0519
电子版ISSN：1804-0527
出版年度：2014
卷号：14
期号：2
页码：61-68
DOI：10.15208/pieb.2014.08
出版社：Prague Development Center, s.r.o.
摘要：The concept of upgrading is new in the economic literature, very few theorists are focused on explaining this concept, but all agreed on the relationship of upgrading with the competitiveness of companies. In the context of increasingly competitive environment the countries of the MENA regions including Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco have established several programs to upgrade their businesses. Efforts to revitalize these programs have nevertheless been undertaken in recent years, raising hopes for a favorable impact on the competitiveness of companies.
