摘要：The rise of urban green policies from the 1990s hasbrought many challenges to governance. What naturesshould be protected in the city, with what kindof citizen involvement? We use three case studiesto elaborate the interrelations of these two questionson the production and management of urbannatures. We analyse (1) the practices of land-useplanning, urban forestry, nature conservation andurban green planning, and (2) the roles of citizensin relation to these practices. Though these fourformal institutions have adopted many new managementpractices they seem to produce only a particularkind of urban nature. Typically they select andmanage green areas on the basis of science-basedclassification, prefer present values and virginity ofnature, and define clear-cut boundaries for the areasto make them safeguarded stabilized objects in cityplanning. We argue that these prevailing practicesneglect three highly relevant constituents of urbannature, namely the productive bottom-up roles ofcitizens, a posteriori characteristics of urban natures,and the future potential of these natures. The neglectresults in many problems, but also produces startingpoints for more experimentation-based urbangreen policy.
