摘要：Mountain forests are recognized as an effective biological protection measure against snow avalanches. To investigate how forests decelerate snow avalanches, we analyzed two data sets from the European Alps. The first data set contained 43 small to medium avalanches which released in forests and either stopped in forested terrain within 50 to 400 m or ran through forests and stopped in unforested terrain with a maximum runout distance of 700 m. The second data set consisted of 44 medium to large avalanches (360 to 1800 m in runout distance) which all stopped within forests, but started above treeline. Statistical dependencies between predictor variables on forest conditions, terrain features and avalanche characteristics (60 in total), and the response variable avalanche runout distance were investigated. Clear differences between avalanches that released in forests and avalanches that released above forests were observed. Forest structural parameters, in particular the starting zone stem density of trees with small diameters (1–15 cm), had a significant effect on runout distances of small to medium avalanches, which released in evergreen coniferous and mixed forests ( r s = -0.3; p = 0.015). Beyond a threshold of 200 m this effect was negligible for runout distances of avalanches which were still in motion. In contrast, forest structure did not affect runout distances of medium to large avalanches, which started above treeline, but forests in general were still able to slow avalanche speeds and limit avalanche runout. Furthermore, runout distance was significantly affected by avalanche size characteristics for medium to large avalanches, while avalanche size was less important in determining the runout distance of small avalanches, which released in forest openings. These results emphasize that it is important to treat these two cases differently in protection forest as well as natural hazard management.
