期刊名称：Ido Movement for Culture: Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
印刷版ISSN：2084-3763
电子版ISSN：2082-7571
出版年度：2004
卷号：4
期号：1
页码：352-355
语种：English
出版社：Idokan Poland Association in Rzeszów
摘要：The monetary policy of European countries in medieval and modem times depended greatly on silver and gold resources and supplies of individual countries,the scale of international trade turnovers,the inflation rate,which was allowed to increase in critical economic conditions (e.g.during the war) and other factors.The monetary laws were a very important privilege which was reluctantly given and very often abused.The production of undervalued money enriched its 'producer’ but it also complicated the situation on the market.That is why in order to improve the economic situation such great number of monetary reforms were undertaken throughout the history.Introducing silver grosz coins into European circulation was one of those reforms.The grosz in turn,as it underwent economic fluctuations,has become a small change coin.The devaluation of coins,especially silver coins (according to the rule of squeezing more valuable money out of the circulation by less valuable money),was accompanied by the devaluation of accounting units,what has been proved on the example of the grosz.Apart from the economic and political conditions of silver coin emission also cultural factors,such as historically established national traditions,a vast cultural system within which a given country existed as well as ethical aspect,are important.Historical perspective (since 13lh century) allows to notice the whole set of multilevel dependencies and connectios generating various processes and socio–cultural facts.
其他摘要：This anticle analyzes the high unemployment problem in Turkey and EC whichis a potential problem during the full membership negotiation process byemphasizing the long run trends.The solution of high EC uпemployment problemis not likely in the shor and medium run.Even the acceleration of the EC growthrate may not be an answer to this question given the structural nalure of the ECunemployment.Labor participation rates in Turkey may increase in the futureyears and as a result unemployment rates may remain al their currently highlevels even in the case of a high growth rate of 6% per year.A substantialincrease in the fiunds allocated 10 education may be a partial solution to redlucethe uemployment rate.Overall;it seems that the high unemploymeut rales in ECand Turkey will continue in the short and medium run.Turkey,however,who isnow entering into a demographic gold age may turn into an asset and opportanityin the long term for the ageing EC whose population will slarl declining in thefuture.
