期刊名称：Ido Movement for Culture: Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
印刷版ISSN：2084-3763
电子版ISSN：2082-7571
出版年度：2005
卷号：5
期号：1
页码：9-15
语种：English
出版社：Idokan Poland Association in Rzeszów
摘要：The evolution that fencing with sabre has gone through for the last decades and the fact o f organizing the Olympic Games 2004 in Athens after 108 years from the debut o f the sabre as a fencing event in the Olympic competition has been for the author the pretext to trace the development o f the sports sword against the historical transform ation o f various kinds o f side arms.The paper presents the precursors–the first masters o f fence from the end o f the 17lh cent., the authors o f works and treatises on fencing.They were the first guidebooks and at the same time handbooks o f the difficult art o f fencing.They describe characteristic features o f the particular kinds o f weapon:a sabre,rapier,epée,and later a foil.They give advice how to teach cutting blows,thrusts,attacks and defense.They clearly stress differences between national schools,mainly the Italian,French and English.The paper discusses widely the transformations brought along by the 17th cent.It was then that a mask was invented and foils alongside light court swords were introduced.These changes pushed the evolution o f fencing positively towards sport.It became more a sport than a utilitarian form o f armed fighting.It was the time when the famous fencing schools in Italy,France and Austro–Hungarian M onarchy were established.That is also the period o f a wonderful full bloom o f the Polish fencing school.Its recesses were described by M ichał O stoja Starzewski,captain o f horse o f the Novem ber Uprise o f 1831.It contained many universal and up–to–date elements.It was cultivated in Hungary and Germany.A lot o f our masters were invited to the West where,at the courts,they passed the recesses o f the Polish fencing school.Undoubtly,the end o f the 19th cent,brought into fencing changes towards the sports direction due to the introduction o f the first–close to modern–rules o f acting as a referee in fencing encounters.Before then the fights were o f a utilitarian character–duels or shows which gathered spectators.They were fighting for awards,prestige and also to prove superiority o f one school over the other.The end o f the 19th cent,brought the debut o f fencing in the l sl modern Olympic Games in Athens (1896).For the tim e being these were the tournam ents in sabre and foil.The epée fencing appeared 4 years later during the 2nd Olympic Games in Paris.The period up to 1939 was definitely dominated by the sabre,which was the most popular o f all fencing disciplines.During those thirty years the Italian sword school was trium phant on the world fencing floors;however, in the late 1920s it gave way to the Hungarian school.The latter had a great impact on the development o f the Polish sabre,which brought much success to Polish fencers during the between–the–W ars period and after W orld War 2.In 1959,in Budapest,Polish fencers managed to overcome the Hungarian hegemony by winning the title o f the team world champions.These triumphs continued till the end o f 1960s and the crowning achievem ent was the gold medal won by J.Pawłowski in the Olympic Games in M exico in 1968.
其他摘要：The present study aimed to examine the relationships between dferent Stresssymptoms and the subtypes that of the application Job–related Affective Well–being Scale (JAWS) that has been designed by Katwyk,Fox,Spector,Kelloway (2000).The firstly will present the findings of the reliability analyses of theTurkish version of the scale.The main objective of the study was based on theexpectancy that the four subtypes af Jaws would show consistent and predictablecorrelation's with different Stress symptoms.Data on Stress symptoms was collected by using the Turkish version of Derogatis'.(1977) Brief SymptomInventory (BSI).The relationships between five symptom groups of base (namely,anxiety,depression,negative self concepi,somatization,and hostility) and foursubtypes and total of jaws were analyzed by correlation analyses.The resultswere discussed in relation with the validily of the Turkish version of JAWS.Thefindings of the present study have shown that the most effective predictors afparticipants'subjective job–related well–being are age,and years of work.Thefindings will be discussed in relation to the applicability of the scale in studies onindustralorganizational psychology.
关键词：fencing with sabre;Polish fencing school;modern Olym pic Games
