摘要：Machiavellianism is a term used to describe the dimension of personality or the strategy of social conduct that involves manipulating others for personal gain. The concept was introduced by the psychologists Richard Christie and Florence Geis in their monograph Studies in Machiavellianism (1970). Since 1970 several hundred studies examined Machiavellianism. This article presents a review of literature on Machiavellianism from 1991 to 2008, stressing those Þndings that have modiÞed portraits of Machiavellian and non-Machiavellian individuals, as depicted originally by Christie and Geis.
其他摘要：Makiawelizm opisuje wymiar osobowosci lub strategie spolecznego zachowania, ktora zaklada manipu-lowanie ludzmi dla osiagniecia osobistego zysku. Pojecie to zostalo wprowadzone przez psychologowRicharda Christiego i Florence Geis w monografi Studies in Ma
