摘要：Independence of observations is one of the key assumptions underlying regression analysis and other methods based on the general linear model. The assumption of independence of observations is met, when a score on an outcome variable obtained by an individual is not dependent on results of other persons. This article introduces the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) – statistical method that is recommended, when there is a real chance, that the assumption of observations’ independence is violated. The structure of our article is threefold. In the Þrst part we present basic methodological reasons for applying HLM method, stressing its advantages in comparison to the traditional regression analysis based on the ordinary least squares estimation. The second part introduces the most important theoretical notions underlying hierarchical models – a division into Þxed and random effects, a multilevel data structure (including cross-level interaction), and a speciÞc approach to variance components. In the third part we show two empirical examples of HLM application, including a detailed interpretation of their results.
其他摘要：Celem artykulu jest wprowadzenie do problematyki hierarchicznych modeli liniowych - metody anali-tycznej zalecanej, gdy zachodzi duze prawdopodobienhstwo naruszenia wymogu niezaleznosci obserwacji.Artykut sklada sie z trzech czeSci. W pierwszej autorzy pr
关键词：hierarchical linear models;independence of observations;intraclass correlation;random effects model;variance components
