摘要：The aim of the article is to identify clusters whilst at the same time determine which are inactive (i.e. in practice, not engaged in any real activities but which are treated equally as active clusters in various sources) using Polish furniture industry as an example. The analysis which has been carried out here from the perspective of the industrial network approach takes into account the structure and characteristics of the activities which clusters undertake and facilitate the identification of truly active clusters within the industry. In addition clusters are classified as formalised and informal in terms of their real activities, resources and entities. This study stresses the reasons for creating such a network structure in view of the nature of the actions during the start up of the cluster initiative (bottom-up approach, top-down approach).
关键词：cooperation; industrial network; clusters; triple helix model; formalization; furniture industry
