摘要：The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities of using such a tool as Markov Chain to analyse the dynamics of returns observed at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Process analysis is the basis for decision-making with regard to the accepted horizon. Expected times for achieving specified states, understood as intervals of rates of return, in particular those describing negative rates of return, are extremely important. In this context, there is a possibility of determining easily the value at risk with the accepted probability.
关键词：Markov Chain; First passage times; Normal white noise; VaR
