摘要：Renewable wind and tidal energy are introduced into electricity grids to determine the effect on existing generators, the costs of reducing CO2 emissions, and the benefit of including predictable tidal energy as a means of reducing the negative impacts associated with variable wind. Depending on the generation mix, costs of electricity could increase by 73% to 150% at renewable penetration rates of 30%, while associated costs of reducing CO2 emissions range from $97.47 to $1674.79 per metric ton of CO2. The introduction of tidal power only reduces intermittency-related costs slightly.
关键词：wind and tidal power; carbon costs; electrical grids; mathematical programming
