摘要：Bahasa Jawa (BJ) dikenal dengan tingkat tutur basa ‘tingkat tutur tinggi’ dan ngoko ‘tingkat tutur rendah’ dalam istilah lokal.Karena adanya tingkat tutur basa dan ngoko,BJ diidentifikasi dan diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa yang hidup dalam situasi diglosia dan memungkinkan para penuturnya memperlihatkan keakraban,penghormatan,dan jenjang (hierarki) dengan sesama anggota masyarakat.Penelitian ini menerapkan dengan kritis teori sapaan (Brown & Gilman 1960) untuk menganalisis pola,faktor yang mempengaruhi,dan kesantunan penggunaan tingkat tutur BJ.Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam komunikasi diadik asimetris,yakni penggunaan tingkat tutur basa dan ngoko memperlihatkan fenomena alih kode,campur kode,dan fenomena yang mendasar,temuan penelitian ini,adalah fenomena “silang kode”.Ketika dua partisipan tak setara berkomunikasi,yakni partisipan atasan (superior) menggunakan tingkat tutur ngoko dan partisipan bawahan (inferior) menggunakan tingkat tutur basa,fenomena komunikasi asimetris ini diinterpretasi sebagai komunikasi “silang kode”.Penggunaan kata sapaan kowe ‘kamu’ (T) dan panjenengan ‘Anda’ (V) dan tingkat tutur ngoko dan basa BJ secara asimetris yang melahirkan komunikasi silang kode,dapat disimpulkan bahwa kata sapaan BJ adalah “genuine terms of address” dan diglosia BJ adalah “diglossia par excellence”.Dalam sebuah penelitian penting untuk mengadopsi,mengadaptasi,dan mereinterpretasi teori yang diaplikasikan.
其他摘要：Javanese is a well-known with its speech levels called basa ‘high speech level’ and ngoko ‘low speech level’ in local term.Because of its high and low speech levels (basa and ngoko),Javanese was identified as and classified into diglossia and enables its speakers to show intimacy,deference,and hierarchy among the members of society.This research applies critically Brown & Gilman (1960)’s theory of terms of address to analyze the patterns,factors which influenced,and politeness of the use of speech levels in Javanese.Method of observation (the observer observed the community,aided by a recorder and field note) and method of document study were applied to provide the data.Recorded conversation then transcribed into written form,classified dan codified according to the speech levels.The use of speech levels is also analyzed by social factor and social dimension of code choice (Holmes 2001) and politeness (Scollon & Scollon,2001).The use of speech levels shows asymmetric dyadic communication in which two speakers use two asymmetric codes,i.e.the first speaker uses ngoko but the second speaker employs basa.The use of ngoko and basa is influenced by the factor of power (+P) and with/without distance (+/-D).Asymmetric dyadic communication means that there is power (+P) and with or without distance (+D/-D).The use of ngoko and basa is the reflection of hierarchical politeness.Finding of the research shows that in asymmetric dyadic communication.i.e.the use of ngoko dan basa could present the phenomena of code-switching,code-mixing,and the fundamental pheneomenon is,a novelty of the research,‘code-crossing’.When two asymmetric participants communicate,i.e.superior uses ngoko and inferior employs basa,such asymmetric communication was interpreted as ‘code-crossing’.The use of Javanese terms of address kowe ‘you’ (T) and panjenengan ‘You’ (V) and ngoko and basa speech levels asymmetrically which could show codecrossing,it could be concluded that Javanese terms of address is ‘genuine terms of address’ and Javanese diglossia is ‘diglossia par excellence’.It is important to adopt,adapt,and reinterpret the theory applied in a reserach.
