标题：On the Relations of Volga Bulgaria and the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde with Iran in the 10th–14th centuries (according to archaeological materials)
其他标题：О связях Волжской Булгарии и булгарского улуса Золотой Орды с Ираном в Х–XIV вв. (по археологическим материалам)
出版社：State Institution «Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences»
摘要：Research materials: The main sources are archaeological artifacts obtained as a result of excavations in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. These are items made of metal, ceramics and glass. Among them there are unique artifacts made using rare technologies, as well as metal vessels encrusted with copper and silver. Results and novelty of the research: The author for the first time ever comprehensively analyzed the archeological artifacts that testify to the relations of Volga Bulgaria and the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde with Iran. He identified the most important groups of artifacts characterizing them, including unique pieces made of “white bronze”. It was established that the products of Iranian artisans played a significant role in the cultural life and art of Volga Bulgaria and the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde. They were copied, sometimes being transformed to local tastes and traditions. Bulgarian products were created on the base of many Iranian handicraft products. From the tenth to the twelfth century, Nishapur was the main city of Iran with which the Bulgars had trade and cultural contacts. In the twelfth–thirteenth century, the trade of the Bulgars was conducted mainly with the Iranian cities situated in the Khorasan area. After the Mongol conquests, the population of the Bulgarian region of the Golden Horde resumed contacts with Khorasan from the end of the thirteenth century. However, imports were limited to a small number of expensive products. These were artware and jewelry. The main importer of sought-after Iranian goods was the capital of the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde – the city of Bulgar.
