摘要:Background The expanded use of online and blended learning programs in K-12 STEM education has led researchers to propose design principles for effective e-learning systems. Much of this research has focused on the impact on learning, but not how instructional design impacts student engagement, which has a critical impact both on short-term learning and long-term outcomes. Reasoning Mind has incorporated the e-learning principles of personalization, modality, and redundancy into the design of their next-generation blended learning platform for middle-school mathematics, named Genie 3. In three studies, we compare student engagement with the Genie 3 platform to its predecessor, Genie 2, and to traditional classroom instruction.