摘要：An ideal and successful ruler is one who, to make his kingdom a peaceful State, established strong, organizedand durable institutions. State institutions or pillars are considered the backbone in stability of the State. Three pillarsor institutions, which are necessary for an organized as well as everlasting government and better economy, arelegislature, executive and judiciary. Without empowering these institutions, governmental system cannot run for along time. Though Ranjit Singh, due to his power, intelligence and great struggle, founded a glorious dynasty, yet hefailed to form these basic institutions properly. It is a fact that only institutions run the government not men becausepersonalities come and go whilst the institutions exist. It is also true that these institutions existed in any shape, butthey were totally under the control of the Maharaja. Judicial courts were established, but they were not only under thedirect control of the Maharaja but also too weak to work. Besides a central court, every province had a big legal courtunder the governor. Similarly, some other small courts were established in every Pargna where Kardars, Chaudharysand Punch settled the disputes of the native people. Sometimes, the governor could alter the decision of theseauthorities whilst the Maharaja had a right to modify governor’s decisions. Strict punishments were not exercisedon dangerous crimes which created law and order situation. To ignore the bad financial condition of the subjects, heinvented and introduced innovative procedures for collecting revenue and no proper arrangements were made forthe betterment of the masses. The main purpose of collecting revenue was to pay the salary of the army and fulfilother requirements so that the aim of expansionism could be achieved. There was not any check and balance onKardars and they were free to collect revenue in accordance with their desires. At a time, they were given the powersof a judge, a revenue collector as well as an administrator.
