出版社：Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
摘要：The industrialization of the 19th century produced intensive migration of the people from the countryside to the cities. The settements characterized by substandard housing and squalor – so called slums – have gradually changed into the several storey flts houses setted by new industrial workers moved from rural villages. These processes oc- curred in many countries in various period, size and intensity. Firstly it took place in England, Germany, French, and North America. In the former Czechoslovakia this process has markedly occurred after World War II. New dwelling zones arose at the outskirts as housing estates or spaces of collective housing. These block houses gradually grew up to the new space dominant elements and have suppressed historical spirit of the cities. Following three basic approaches were widely discussed to address their low dwelling quality, high industrial pollution impact and defiiency of nature elements: a) theory and practice of garden city of tomorrow (by E. Howard) and belt city (by T. Garnier); b) establishment of allotment colony gardens (originated in Germany) as green space for leisure, food production and traditional work of the former rural peasants; c) creation of multifunctional spaces with green areas between the blocks on the principle of making landscaped parks. More available free time and requirements for higher dwelling quality of housing estates resulted in demands for more green areas, sport ground equipment and higher recreation value.
关键词：housing estates; green areas; dwelling and recreational quality
