出版社：Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
摘要：Extinction of species in wild has been recognised and recorded by people since 19th century caused predominantly by over-exploitation (hunting etc.) of animals and plants. But in last century the process of species extinctions have been running in such rates which threat world biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Number of extinct species and species threatened by extinction is rapidly increasing. In 20th century they made effort to stop species extinction by direct human activity, firstly by protection of certain species endangered by extinction, later by registration and lightning of species threatened by extinction in wild by publishing Red Data Books (initiated and developed by IUCN) as well actions to protect/conserve/restore species extinct in the wild. Conservation of species and protection of habitats have been used for active nature protection which should save of the species in nature for many generations. The process of species extinction is continuing and it is evident in decreasing/decline of biodiversity from genes to ecosystems. Process of extinction is understood as declining of global population size caused by ecosystem/habitat fragmentation and insularisation, when small isolated populations are under risks of extinction by several stochasticities (demographic, genetical, environmental, spatial). In the time the local effective population size decreases below the minimal population size for surviving, the population is extincting. Total (global) extinction of a species is the case when the species disappeared in the world, i.e. last individuum is died in last surviving local population.
关键词：threatened species; biodiversity loss; Red Lists; IUCN categories and criteria
